C0602
Klaim
“Melanggar prinsip non-refoulement lagi, dengan mengirim kembali seorang pengungsi ke Afghanistan, di mana ia kemudian disiksa karena mencoba melarikan diri.”
Sumber Asli: Matthew Davis
Sumber Asli
✅ VERIFIKASI FAKTA
**Fakta Inti Terverifikasi:** Pada Agustus 2014, pemerintah Australia di bawah Perdana Menteri Tony Abbott dan Menteri Imigrasi Scott Morrison secara paksa mendeportasi Zainullah Naseri, seorang pencari suaka Hazara dari Afghanistan, menjadikannya Hazara Afghanistan pertama yang dipulangkan secara paksa oleh Australia [1].
**Core Facts Verified:**
In August 2014, the Australian government under Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Immigration Minister Scott Morrison forcibly deported Zainullah Naseri, a Hazara asylum seeker from Afghanistan, making him the first Afghan Hazara to be forcibly returned by Australia [1].
Naseri tiba di Australia dengan kapal pada tahun 2011 dan menghabiskan hampir tiga tahun di pusat penahanan dan dengan visa jembatan sebelum permohonan suakanya ditolak oleh Pengadilan Tinjauan Pengungsi (RRT) pada Desember 2012 [2]. Naseri had arrived in Australia by boat in 2011 and spent nearly three years in detention and on a bridging visa before his refugee application was rejected by the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) in December 2012 [2].
Beberapa minggu setelah deportasinya pada 26 Agustus 2014, Naseri diculik oleh Taliban saat bepergian di jalan raya utama dari Kabul ke distrik asalnya Jaghori di provinsi Ghazni [1]. Within weeks of his deportation on August 26, 2014, Naseri was abducted by the Taliban while traveling on the main highway from Kabul to his home district of Jaghori in Ghazni province [1].
Taliban menghentikan kendaraannya, menemukan lisensi mengemudi Australia dan iPhone-nya, dan menuduhnya sebagai mata-mata dari "negara kafir" [3]. The Taliban stopped his vehicle, found his Australian driver's license and iPhone, and accused him of being a spy from an "infidel country" [3].
Ia ditahan selama dua hari, disiksa dengan batang basah, dan diancam akan dipenggal kecuali ia membayar tebusan sekitar $300.000 [3]. He was held captive for two days, tortured with wet rods, and threatened with beheading unless he paid a ransom of approximately $300,000 [3].
Naseri berhasil melarikan diri dengan mematahkan rantainya menggunakan batu dan melarikan diri melalui lubang toilet [3]. Naseri escaped by breaking his chains with a rock and fleeing through a toilet pit [3].
Pemerintah Australia mengakui kejadian tersebut dan Menteri Imigrasi Scott Morrison menyatakan bahwa ia telah memerintahkan "penyelidikan yang sesuai dilakukan" [1]. The Australian government acknowledged the incident and Immigration Minister Scott Morrison stated he had instructed "appropriate investigations be made" [1].
Namun, Morrison juga mengkarakterisasi penculikan tersebut sebagai "kesempatan" daripada terkait persekusi, menyatakan bahwa hal itu "karena itu tidak terkait dengan ketakutan akan persekusi yang sebaliknya akan menimbulkan kewajiban perlindungan" [4]. However, Morrison also characterized the kidnapping as "opportunistic" rather than persecution-related, stating it was "not therefore related to a fear of persecution that would have otherwise given rise to a protection obligation" [4].
Konteks yang Hilang
**Konteks Kritis yang Dihilangkan oleh Klaim:** **1.
**Critical Context Omitted by the Claim:**
**1.
Penilaian RRT Dibuat pada Tahun 2012, Bukan oleh Pemerintah Koalisi:** Penentuan Pengadilan Tinjauan Pengungsi bahwa Jaghori aman bagi Naseri dibuat pada Desember 2012, selama masa pemerintahan Partai Buruh Gillard [2]. The RRT Assessment Was Made in 2012, Not by the Coalition Government:**
The Refugee Review Tribunal's determination that Jaghori was safe for Naseri was made in December 2012, during the Gillard Labor government's tenure [2].
RRT menyimpulkan pada saat itu bahwa "ada rute dari Kabul ke Jaghori yang aman, tidak ada risiko nyata pemohon akan menderita kerugian signifikan" [3]. The RRT concluded at that time that "there is a route from Kabul to Jaghori that is secure, there is not a real risk the applicant will suffer significant harm" [3].
Pemerintah Koalisi bertindak berdasarkan penentuan yang sudah ada ini ketika mereka mendeportasi Naseri pada Agustus 2014. **2. The Coalition government acted on this pre-existing determination when they deported Naseri in August 2014.
**2.
Penilaian Keamanan Sudah Usang pada Agustus 2014:** Penilaian keamanan yang digunakan untuk mendeportasi Naseri didasarkan pada informasi yang berlaku pada Oktober 2012, hampir dua tahun sebelum deportasinya yang sebenarnya [2]. The Security Assessment Was Outdated by August 2014:**
The security assessment used to deport Naseri was based on information current in October 2012, nearly two years prior to his actual deportation [2].
Pada Agustus 2014, situasi keamanan di Afghanistan telah memburuk secara signifikan: - Pasukan asing telah menarik diri dari Afghanistan - Taliban telah membuat "kemajuan masif di seluruh negeri" [2] - Jalan antara Kabul dan Jaghori menjadi semakin berbahaya - Hanya seminggu setelah penangkapan Naseri, warga Australia-Afghanistan Sayed Habib Musawi terbunuh oleh Taliban di ruas jalan yang sama [2] **3. By August 2014, the security situation in Afghanistan had deteriorated significantly:
- Foreign troops had withdrawn from Afghanistan
- The Taliban had made "massive advances across the country" [2]
- The road between Kabul and Jaghori had become increasingly dangerous
- Just a week after Naseri's capture, Australian-Afghan citizen Sayed Habib Musawi was killed by the Taliban on the same stretch of road [2]
**3.
Penentuan RRT Berikutnya Menemukan Afghanistan Tidak Aman:** Penentuan pengungsi yang dibuat setelah kasus Naseri menemukan bahwa "terlalu berbahaya bagi Hazara untuk kembali ke Afghanistan, terutama melakukan perjalanan di jalan dari Kabul" [2]. Subsequent RRT Determinations Found Afghanistan Unsafe:**
Refugee determinations made after Naseri's case found that "it was too dangerous for Hazaras to return to Afghanistan, particularly travelling the road from Kabul" [2].
RRT kemudian mengakui bahwa "keamanan di Ghazni (provinsi) telah memburuk dalam enam bulan terakhir" dan bahwa Taliban dan unsur-unsur kriminal menargetkan jalan raya nasional [2]. **4. The RRT later acknowledged that "security in Ghazni (province) has deteriorated in the past six months" and that Taliban and criminal elements target the national highway [2].
**4.
Kedubes Afghanistan Menentang Deportasi:** Kedubes Afghanistan di Canberra tidak menerbitkan paspor untuk Naseri, "tidak setuju dengan pemindahan paksa dari Australia" [3]. The Afghan Embassy Opposed the Deportation:**
The Afghan embassy in Canberra did not issue a passport for Naseri, "disagreeing with his forced removal from Australia" [3].
Sebaliknya, pemerintah Australia menerbitkan dokumen perjalanan yang hanya berisi nama dan foto-nya, tanpa tanda tangannya [3]. **5. "Lagi" - Kekhawatiran Non-Refoulement Sebelumnya:** Klaim menyatakan Koalisi "melanggar prinsip non-refoulement lagi." Ini mengacu pada kekhawatiran sebelumnya tentang kepatuhan Australia terhadap kewajiban non-refoulement. Instead, the Australian government issued a travel document bearing only his name and photo, without his signature [3].
**5. "Again" - Prior Non-Refoulement Concern:**
The claim states the Coalition "violated the principle of non-refoulement again." This references earlier concerns about Australia's compliance with non-refoulement obligations.
Australia telah berulang kali dikritik oleh PBB dan organisasi hak asasi manusia untuk kebijakan yang berisiko melanggar non-refoulement, termasuk pengaturan pemrosesan lepas pantai dengan Nauru dan Papua Nugini [5]. Australia has been repeatedly criticized by the UN and human rights organizations for policies that risk violating non-refoulement, including offshore processing arrangements with Nauru and Papua New Guinea [5].
Penilaian Kredibilitas Sumber
**The Saturday Paper (Sumber Asli):** The Saturday Paper adalah surat kabar mingguan independen Australia yang diterbitkan oleh Schwartz Media.
**The Saturday Paper (Original Source):**
The Saturday Paper is an independent Australian weekly newspaper published by Schwartz Media.
Umumnya dianggap sebagai outlet jurnalisme berkualitas dengan reputasi untuk pelaporan mendalam tentang kebijakan pengungsi, integritas pemerintah, dan isu-isu sosial [3]. It is generally regarded as a quality journalism outlet with a reputation for in-depth reporting on refugee policy, government integrity, and social issues [3].
Artikel spesifik ditulis oleh Abdul Karim Hekmat, seorang jurnalis yang kemudian menjadi finalis untuk Walkley Freelance Journalist of the Year 2018 [3]. The specific article was written by Abdul Karim Hekmat, a journalist who was later a finalist for the 2018 Walkley Freelance Journalist of the Year [3].
The Saturday Paper memiliki pendirian editorial tengah-kiri dan telah kritis terhadap kedua partai besar dalam kebijakan pengungsi, meskipun umumnya lebih selaras dengan sudut pandang progresif. The Saturday Paper has a center-left editorial stance and has been critical of both major parties on refugee policy, though it is generally more aligned with progressive viewpoints.
Artikel tersebut tampaknya secara faktual akurat berdasarkan konfirmasi dari beberapa sumber arus utama (The Guardian, Sydney Morning Herald, ABC) [1][2][4]. **Penilaian:** Kredibel, tetapi dengan perspektif yang menekankan kekhawatiran hak asasi manusia dan penderitaan individu atas rasionalitas kebijakan pemerintah. The article appears factually accurate based on corroboration from multiple mainstream sources (The Guardian, Sydney Morning Herald, ABC) [1][2][4].
**Assessment:** Credible, but with a perspective that emphasizes human rights concerns and individual suffering over government policy rationale.
⚖️
Perbandingan Labor
**Apakah Partai Buruh melakukan hal serupa?** **Ya—Kedua partai telah mendeportasi pencari suaka yang gagal ke Afghanistan:** Pemerintahan Partai Buruh Rudd dan Gillard (2007-2013) juga mendeportasi pencari suaka yang gagal, meskipun skala spesifik deportasi ke Afghanistan selama masa jabatan mereka kurang terdokumentasi dalam sumber publik.
**Did Labor do something similar?**
**Yes - Both parties have deported failed asylum seekers to Afghanistan:**
The Rudd and Gillard Labor governments (2007-2013) also deported failed asylum seekers, though the specific scale of deportations to Afghanistan during their tenure is less documented in public sources.
Poin kritisnya adalah bahwa **penentuan pengungsi yang menyebabkan deportasi Naseri dibuat oleh RRT pada Desember 2012, selama pemerintahan Partai Buruh Gillard** [2][3]. The critical point is that **the refugee determination that led to Naseri's deportation was made by the RRT in December 2012, during the Gillard Labor government** [2][3].
Kedua partai besar Australia telah mempertahankan kebijakan mendeportasi pencari suaka yang gagal yang telah menghabiskan semua jalur hukum. Both major Australian parties have maintained policies of deporting failed asylum seekers who have exhausted all legal avenues.
Perbedaan utama dalam pendekatan Koalisi adalah kriteria penilaian pengungsi yang umumnya lebih ketat dan tingkat deportasi yang lebih tinggi, tetapi praktik fundamental mengembalikan pencari suaka yang gagal konsisten di kedua partai. **Pelanggaran non-refoulement tidak unik bagi Koalisi:** Kebijakan pengungsi Australia di bawah kedua pemerintahan Partai Buruh dan Koalisi telah berulang kali dikritik oleh badan-badan hak asasi manusia internasional atas potensi pelanggaran non-refoulement. The principle difference in the Coalition's approach was generally more restrictive refugee assessment criteria and higher deportation rates, but the fundamental practice of returning failed asylum seekers was consistent across both parties.
**Non-refoulement violations are not unique to the Coalition:**
Australia's refugee policies under both Labor and Coalition governments have been repeatedly criticized by international human rights bodies for potential non-refoulement violations.
Regime pemrosesan lepas pantai, yang dimulai oleh pemerintahan Partai Buruh Rudd dan dilanjutkan di bawah Koalisi, telah digambarkan sebagai "salah satu metode eksternalisasi paling ekstrem" yang melanggar prinsip non-refoulement [5]. The offshore processing regime, initiated by the Rudd Labor government and continued under the Coalition, has been described as "one of the most extreme methods of externalization" that violates non-refoulement principles [5].
Pada November 2024, legislasi pemerintahan Partai Buruh digambarkan oleh para pendukung pengungsi sebagai "hari gelap dalam sejarah kita" yang akan menempatkan ribuan dalam risiko, dengan kekhawatiran yang diangkat tentang kepatuhan terhadap kewajiban non-refoulement [6]. In November 2024, Labor government legislation was described by refugee advocates as "a dark day in our history" that would put thousands at risk, with concerns raised about compliance with non-refoulement obligations [6].
🌐
Perspektif Seimbang
**Kisah Lengkap:** **Posisi Pemerintah:** Menteri Imigrasi Scott Morrison membela deportasi tersebut, menyatakan bahwa "orang-orang yang telah menghabiskan semua jalur yang tersisa untuk tetap tinggal di Australia dan tidak memiliki dasar hukum untuk tetap tinggal diharapkan untuk pergi" [3].
**The Full Story:**
**Government Position:**
Immigration Minister Scott Morrison defended the deportation, stating that "people who have exhausted all outstanding avenues to remain in Australia and have no lawful basis to remain are expected to depart" [3].
Ia mengkarakterisasi penculikan Taliban sebagai "kesempatan" daripada terkait persekusi [4]. He characterized the Taliban abduction as "opportunistic" rather than persecution-related [4].
Pemerintah mempertahankan bahwa Australia "tidak memindahkan orang ke negara asal mereka jika tidak konsisten dengan kewajiban perlindungan Australia" [4]. The government maintained that Australia "does not remove people to their country of origin where it would be inconsistent with Australia's protection obligations" [4].
Deportasi didasarkan pada penentuan RRT formal yang dibuat selama pemerintahan sebelumnya, yang menemukan bahwa distrik asal Naseri di Jaghori aman. The deportation was based on a formal RRT determination made during the previous government, which found that Naseri's home district of Jaghori was safe.
Pemerintah mengikuti proses hukum yang mapan, meskipun berdasarkan penilaian keamanan yang usang. **Kritik dan Kekhawatiran:** Organisasi hak asasi manusia dan para pendukung pengungsi mengangkat kekhawatiran yang sah: - Deportasi terjadi berdasarkan penilaian tahun 2012 ketika kondisi keamanan telah memburuk secara signifikan pada tahun 2014 [2] - Hazara menghadapi persekusi khusus di Afghanistan karena etnis dan agama mereka [2] - Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia Independen Afghanistan menyatakan bahwa mengembalikan pengungsi pada saat ini "bertentangan dengan hukum mereka sendiri untuk tidak mendeportasi pengungsi di mana mereka menghadapi bahaya" [3] - Insiden terjadi dalam beberapa minggu setelah deportasi, menunjukkan penilaian keamanan tersebut cacat **Konteks Komparatif:** Kedua partai besar Australia telah mendeportasi pencari suaka yang gagal ke Afghanistan dan negara-negara lain. The government was following established legal process, albeit based on outdated security assessments.
**Criticisms and Concerns:**
Human rights organizations and refugee advocates raised legitimate concerns:
- The deportation occurred based on a 2012 assessment when security conditions had significantly deteriorated by 2014 [2]
- Hazaras face particular persecution in Afghanistan due to their ethnicity and religion [2]
- The Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission stated that returning refugees at this time "contradicts their [Australian] own law not to deport refugees where they face danger" [3]
- The incident occurred within weeks of deportation, suggesting the security assessment was flawed
**Comparative Context:**
Both major Australian parties have deported failed asylum seekers to Afghanistan and other countries.
Kasus Naseri menjadi menonjol karena konsekuensi yang segera dan dramatis (penyiksaan oleh Taliban), tetapi deportasi serupa terjadi di bawah pemerintahan Partai Buruh juga. The Naseri case became prominent due to the immediate and dramatic consequences (torture by Taliban), but similar deportations occurred under Labor governments as well.
Kebijakan pengungsi Australia secara umum—lintas kedua partai—telah dikritik secara internasional atas kekhawatiran non-refoulement, terutama mengenai pemrosesan lepas pantai. **"Lagi" dalam klaim:** Klaim menegaskan bahwa ini adalah pelanggaran non-refoulement yang berulang. Australia's refugee policy generally - across both parties - has been criticized internationally for non-refoulement concerns, particularly regarding offshore processing.
**The "again" in the claim:**
The claim asserts this was a repeat violation of non-refoulement.
Australia telah menghadapi kritik terus-menerus untuk: - Pengaturan pemrosesan lepas pantai (Nauru, PNG)—dimulai oleh Partai Buruh, dilanjutkan oleh Koalisi - Pengembalian pencari suaka yang gagal ke negara-negara dengan kekhawatiran keamanan - Kebijakan yang menurut organisasi hak asasi manusia menciptakan situasi "seperti-refoulement" bahkan ketika tidak secara teknis mengembalikan individu secara langsung ke persekusi **Konteks kunci:** Deportasi ini **tidak unik bagi Koalisi**—itu didasarkan pada penentuan RRT era Partai Buruh, dan kedua partai telah mempertahankan kebijakan mendeportasi pencari suaka yang gagal. Australia has faced ongoing criticism for:
- Offshore processing arrangements (Nauru, PNG) - initiated by Labor, continued by Coalition
- Returns of failed asylum seekers to countries with security concerns
- Policies that human rights organizations argue create "refoulement-like" situations even when not technically returning individuals directly to persecution
**Key context:** This deportation was **not unique to the Coalition** - it was based on a Labor-era RRT determination, and both parties have maintained policies of deporting failed asylum seekers.
Hasil spesifik (penyiksaan) sangat parah dan membawa perhatian signifikan terhadap kasus tersebut. The specific outcome (torture) was unusually severe and brought the case significant attention.
BENAR
7.0
/ 10
Klaim bahwa pemerintah Koalisi melanggar prinsip non-refoulement dengan mendeportasi seorang pengungsi yang kemudian disiksa secara faktual akurat—Zainullah Naseri dideportasi pada Agustus 2014 dan disiksa oleh Taliban dalam beberapa minggu.
The claim that the Coalition government violated the principle of non-refoulement by deporting a refugee who was subsequently tortured is factually accurate - Zainullah Naseri was deported in August 2014 and was tortured by the Taliban within weeks.
Karakterisasi ini sebagai "pelanggaran non-refoulement" didukung oleh organisasi hak asasi manusia dan keadaan kasus tersebut. The characterization of this as a "violation of non-refoulement" is supported by human rights organizations and the circumstances of the case.
Namun, klaim menghilangkan konteks kritis: (1) Deportasi didasarkan pada penentuan Pengadilan Tinjauan Pengungsi yang dibuat pada Desember 2012 selama pemerintahan Partai Buruh Gillard, bukan oleh Koalisi; (2) Klaim "lagi" secara teknis akurat mengenai kekhawatiran non-refoulement yang terus-menerus di Australia, tetapi kekhawatiran ini berlaku untuk kedua partai besar, bukan hanya Koalisi; (3) Baik pemerintahan Partai Buruh maupun Koalisi telah mendeportasi pencari suaka yang gagal dan menghadapi kritik atas potensi pelanggaran non-refoulement. However, the claim omits critical context: (1) The deportation was based on a Refugee Review Tribunal determination made in December 2012 during the Gillard Labor government, not by the Coalition; (2) The claim of "again" is technically accurate regarding Australia's ongoing non-refoulement concerns, but these concerns apply to both major parties, not just the Coalition; (3) Both Labor and Coalition governments have deported failed asylum seekers and faced criticism for potential non-refoulement violations.
Penyiksaan terhadap Naseri mewakili kegagalan proses penilaian suaka dan informasi keamanan yang usang, daripada pendekatan kebijakan yang unik bagi Koalisi. The torture of Naseri represents a failure of the asylum assessment process and outdated security information, rather than a uniquely Coalition policy approach.
Insiden ini mencerminkan masalah sistemik dalam sistem penentuan pengungsi Australia yang merentang beberapa pemerintahan. The incident reflects systemic issues in Australia's refugee determination system that span multiple governments.
Skor Akhir
7.0
/ 10
BENAR
Klaim bahwa pemerintah Koalisi melanggar prinsip non-refoulement dengan mendeportasi seorang pengungsi yang kemudian disiksa secara faktual akurat—Zainullah Naseri dideportasi pada Agustus 2014 dan disiksa oleh Taliban dalam beberapa minggu.
The claim that the Coalition government violated the principle of non-refoulement by deporting a refugee who was subsequently tortured is factually accurate - Zainullah Naseri was deported in August 2014 and was tortured by the Taliban within weeks.
Karakterisasi ini sebagai "pelanggaran non-refoulement" didukung oleh organisasi hak asasi manusia dan keadaan kasus tersebut. The characterization of this as a "violation of non-refoulement" is supported by human rights organizations and the circumstances of the case.
Namun, klaim menghilangkan konteks kritis: (1) Deportasi didasarkan pada penentuan Pengadilan Tinjauan Pengungsi yang dibuat pada Desember 2012 selama pemerintahan Partai Buruh Gillard, bukan oleh Koalisi; (2) Klaim "lagi" secara teknis akurat mengenai kekhawatiran non-refoulement yang terus-menerus di Australia, tetapi kekhawatiran ini berlaku untuk kedua partai besar, bukan hanya Koalisi; (3) Baik pemerintahan Partai Buruh maupun Koalisi telah mendeportasi pencari suaka yang gagal dan menghadapi kritik atas potensi pelanggaran non-refoulement. However, the claim omits critical context: (1) The deportation was based on a Refugee Review Tribunal determination made in December 2012 during the Gillard Labor government, not by the Coalition; (2) The claim of "again" is technically accurate regarding Australia's ongoing non-refoulement concerns, but these concerns apply to both major parties, not just the Coalition; (3) Both Labor and Coalition governments have deported failed asylum seekers and faced criticism for potential non-refoulement violations.
Penyiksaan terhadap Naseri mewakili kegagalan proses penilaian suaka dan informasi keamanan yang usang, daripada pendekatan kebijakan yang unik bagi Koalisi. The torture of Naseri represents a failure of the asylum assessment process and outdated security information, rather than a uniquely Coalition policy approach.
Insiden ini mencerminkan masalah sistemik dalam sistem penentuan pengungsi Australia yang merentang beberapa pemerintahan. The incident reflects systemic issues in Australia's refugee determination system that span multiple governments.
📚 SUMBER DAN KUTIPAN (6)
-
1
Torture of deported Afghan Hazara asylum seeker to be investigated - The Guardian
Theguardian
-
2
Calls to halt deportation of asylum seekers to Afghanistan - ABC News
Refugee advocates are calling for a moratorium on the deportation of failed asylum seekers to Afghanistan as the Australian Government prepares to forcibly return a 20-year-old Hazara man to Kabul. The first man to be returned involuntarily to Afghanistan, Zainullah Naseri, has claimed he was abducted and tortured by the Taliban when he tried to make his way to his home district outside Kabul last month. Refugee groups have said eight other Hazara men have been re-detained in Australia and could soon be deported. "If we are really interested in the sanctity and protection of human lives, then we shouldn't be taking a risk with these peoples lives," Phil Glendenning from the Refugee Council of Australia said.
Abc Net -
3
Taliban tortures Abbott government deportee - The Saturday Paper
The first Hazara asylum seeker refouled by the federal government was taken by the Taliban inside a month.
The Saturday Paper -
4
Government to investigate torture claims of deported asylum seeker Zainullah Naseri - Sydney Morning Herald
The federal government is investigating claims that the first Afghan asylum seeker to be forcibly deported from Australia was held hostage and tortured by the Taliban within weeks of his return.
The Sydney Morning Herald -
5
Third Country Processing Regimes and the Violation of the Principle of Non-refoulement - Springer
This article investigates the violation of the principle of non-refoulement under Australia’s mandatory offshore processing regime, which has emerged as one of the most extreme methods of externalization. Through bilateral agreements with the governments of Nauru and Papua New Guinea, Australia has contracted out the processing of asylum applications to third party States in its entirety. This processing regime has been persistently condemned by the international community for human rights abuses and violation of the most fundamental principle of international refugee law, non-refoulement. The rapid proliferation of EU-wide externalization policies, some directly emulating the Australian model, is emblematic of an insidious trend forming on the horizon, aiming to push the global “migration crisis” out of EU borders. The Australian model which is being used as a blueprint for future offshore processing regimes by EU leaders will lead to a significant shift in the paradigm of migration control policies. Thus, it is crucial to examine the failings of the Australian model, particularly the violation of the principle of non-refoulement, through the exposure of asylum seekers to human rights abuses. The article starts out by mapping out Australia’s history of predicating draconian migration policies upon the notions of “state sovereignty” and the “migration as a threat.” This is followed by a theoretical study of the concepts of “state responsibility” and “violation of the principle of non-refoulement through human rights violations.” A single in-depth qualitative secondary analysis of published studies to date reveals the violation of the principle non-refoulement under the offshore regime.
SpringerLink -
6
'A dark day in our history': Refugee advocates warn Labor laws put thousands at risk - ABC News
The government proposal is expected to pass through parliament this week with the support of the Coalition.
Abc Net
Metodologi Skala Penilaian
1-3: SALAH
Secara faktual salah atau fabrikasi jahat.
4-6: SEBAGIAN
Ada kebenaran tetapi konteks hilang atau menyimpang.
7-9: SEBAGIAN BESAR BENAR
Masalah teknis kecil atau masalah redaksi.
10: AKURAT
Terverifikasi sempurna dan adil secara kontekstual.
Metodologi: Penilaian ditentukan melalui referensi silang catatan pemerintah resmi, organisasi pemeriksa fakta independen, dan dokumen sumber primer.