مضلل

التقييم: 4.0/10

Coalition
C0633

الادعاء

“حاولت إلغاء متطلب أن تقدم جميع محطات التلفزيون الأرضي المجاني ترجمة من الساعة 6 صباحًا حتى منتصف الليل.”
المصدر الأصلي: Matthew Davis

المصادر الأصلية المقدمة

التحقق من الحقائق

يَحْتَوِي yḥtwy الْاِدِّعَاءُ ạlạdʿạʾ عَلَى ʿly̱ خَطَأِ kẖṭạ̉ حَقِيقِيِّ ḥqyqy كَبِيرِ kbyr.
The claim contains a significant factual error.
لَم lm تُحَاوِلُ tḥạwl حُكُومَةُ ḥkwmẗ Coalition Coalition إلْغَاءَ ạ̹lgẖạʾ مُتَطَلِّبَ mtṭlb أَنّ ạ̉n تَقَدُّمِ tqdm مَحَطَّاتِ mḥṭạt التِّلِفِزْيونِ ạltlfzywn الْأَرْضِيِّ ạlạ̉rḍy الْمَجَّانِيِّ ạlmjạny تَرْجَمَةً trjmẗ مِن mn السَّاعَةِ ạlsạʿẗ 6 6 صَبَاحًا ṣbạḥaⁿạ حَتَّى ḥty̱ مُنْتَصَفِ mntṣf اللَّيْلِ ạllyl.
The Coalition government did NOT try to remove the requirement that free-to-air TV stations provide captions from 6am to midnight.
بَقِيَ bqy هَذَا hdẖạ الْمُتَطَلِّبُ ạlmtṭlb سَارّيا sạryaⁿạ.
This requirement remained in place.
ما mạ اقترحه ạqtrḥh مشروع msẖrwʿ قانون qạnwn تعديل tʿdyl قانون qạnwn البث ạlbtẖ والتشريعات wạltsẖryʿạt الأخرى ạlạ̉kẖry̱ (تحرير (tḥryr الأنظمة) ạlạ̉nẓmẗ) لعام lʿạm 2014 2014 بالفعل: bạlfʿl: 1. 1. **إزالة **ạ̹zạlẗ متطلبات mtṭlbạt إعداد ạ̹ʿdạd تقارير tqạryr الامتثال ạlạmttẖạl السنوية** ạlsnwyẗ** - - تم tm استبدال ạstbdạl متطلب mtṭlb تقديم tqdym البثّين ạlbtẖ̃yn تقارير tqạryr امتثال ạmttẖạl سنوية snwyẗ إلى ạ̹ly̱ ACMA ACMA حول ḥwl مستويات mstwyạt الترجمة ạltrjmẗ بنهج bnhj قائم qạỷm على ʿly̱ الشكاوى ạlsẖkạwy̱ [1][2]. [1][2]. 2. 2. **بقي **bqy متطلب mtṭlb الترجمة ạltrjmẗ بنسبة bnsbẗ 100% 100% (6 (6 صباحًا ṣbạḥaⁿạ - - منتصف mntṣf الليل) ạllyl) دون dwn تغيير** tgẖyyr** - - لم lm يتم ytm إلغاء ạ̹lgẖạʾ الالتزام ạlạltzạm الجوهري ạljwhry على ʿly̱ البثّين ạlbtẖ̃yn التجاريين ạltjạryyn والوطنيين wạlwṭnyyn لتقديم ltqdym ترجمة trjmẗ لـ l 100% 100% من mn البرامج ạlbrạmj على ʿly̱ قنواتهم qnwạthm الرئيسية ạlrỷysyẗ من mn الساعة ạlsạʿẗ 6 6 صباحًا ṣbạḥaⁿạ حتى ḥty̱ منتصف mntṣf الليل ạllyl بموجب bmwjb التشريع ạltsẖryʿ [3][4]. [3][4].
What the Broadcasting and Other Legislation Amendment (Deregulation) Bill 2014 actually proposed was: 1. **Removing annual compliance reporting requirements** - The requirement for broadcasters to submit annual compliance reports to ACMA about captioning levels was to be replaced with a complaints-based approach [1][2]. 2. **The 100% captioning requirement (6am-midnight) remained unchanged** - The substantive obligation for commercial and national broadcasters to caption 100% of programs on their primary channels from 6am to midnight was NOT removed by the legislation [3][4].
تنص tnṣ مقالة mqạlẗ ABC ABC المُشار ạlmusẖạr إليها ạ̹lyhạ في fy المصدر ạlmṣdr الأصلي ạlạ̉ṣly بوضوح: bwḍwḥ: "يتعين "ytʿyn حاليًا ḥạlyaⁿạ على ʿly̱ البثّين ạlbtẖ̃yn التلفزيونيين ạltlfzywnyyn الأرضيين ạlạ̉rḍyyn المجانيين ạlmjạnyyn توفير twfyr ترجمة trjmẗ بنسبة bnsbẗ 100% 100% من mn الساعة ạlsạʿẗ 6:00 6:00 صباحًا ṣbạḥaⁿạ حتى ḥty̱ منتصف mntṣf الليل." ạllyl." ثم tẖm تنقل tnql مخاوف mkẖạwf من mn المدافعين ạlmdạfʿyn عن ʿn حقوق ḥqwq ذوي dẖwy الإعاقة ạlạ̹ʿạqẗ بشأن bsẖạ̉n إزالة ạ̹zạlẗ "تقارير "tqạryr الامتثال" ạlạmttẖạl" - - وليس wlys إزالة ạ̹zạlẗ متطلبات mtṭlbạt الترجمة ạltrjmẗ نفسها nfshạ [1]. [1].
The ABC article cited in the original source clearly states: "Currently free-to-air television broadcasters have to provide 100 per cent captioning from 6:00am until midnight." It then quotes concerns from disability advocates about removing "compliance reporting" - not about removing captioning requirements themselves [1].
تَمَّ tm إقْرَارُ ạ̹qrạr قَانُونِ qạnwn تَعْدِيلِ tʿdyl قَانُونِ qạnwn الْبَثِّ ạlbtẖ وَالتَّشْرِيعَاتِ wạltsẖryʿạt الْأُخْرَى ạlạ̉kẖry̱ ( (tḥryr تَحْرِيرَ ạlạ̉nẓmẗ) الْأَنْظِمَةِلِعَامَ lʿạm 2015 2015 فِي fy مَارِسِ mạrs 2015 2015 مَع mʿ الْجَدْوَلِ ạljdwl 6 6 الْمُتَعَلِّقَ ạlmtʿlq بِالتَّرْجَمَةِ bạltrjmẗ.
The Broadcasting and Other Legislation Amendment (Deregulation) Act 2015 passed in March 2015 with Schedule 6 addressing captioning.
عدّل ʿd̃l القانون ạlqạnwn إجراءات ạ̹jrạʾạt الامتثال ạlạmttẖạl والإبلاغ wạlạ̹blạgẖ لكنه lknh حافظ ḥạfẓ على ʿly̱ الالتزامات ạlạltzạmạt الجوهرية ạljwhryẗ للترجمة lltrjmẗ [5][6]. [5][6].
The Act modified compliance and reporting procedures but maintained the core captioning obligations [5][6].

السياق المفقود

**خط **kẖṭ الأساس ạlạ̉sạs لعام lʿạm 2012:** 2012:** تم tm تقديم tqdym متطلب mtṭlb الترجمة ạltrjmẗ بنسبة bnsbẗ 100% 100% (6 (6 صباحًا ṣbạḥaⁿạ - - منتصف mntṣf الليل) ạllyl) فقط fqṭ من mn قبل qbl حكومة ḥkwmẗ Gillard Gillard Labor Labor في fy تعديلات tʿdylạt عام ʿạm 2012 2012 لقانون lqạnwn خدمات kẖdmạt البث، ạlbtẖ, مع mʿ منح mnḥ البثّين ạlbtẖ̃yn حتى ḥty̱ عام ʿạm 2014 2014 لتحقيق ltḥqyq الامتثال ạlạmttẖạl الكامل ạlkạml [7][8]. [7][8].
**The 2012 baseline:** The 100% captioning requirement (6am-midnight) was only introduced by the previous Gillard Labor government in 2012 amendments to the Broadcasting Services Act, with broadcasters given until 2014 to achieve full compliance [7][8].
كانت kạnt Coalition Coalition تُقترح tuqtrḥ تغييرات tgẖyyrạt للتواريخ lltwạrykẖ بينما bynmạ كان kạn هذا hdẖạ المتطلب ạlmtṭlb يُنفذ yunfdẖ بالكامل. bạlkạml. **مبررات **mbrrạt الحكومة ạlḥkwmẗ المعلنة:** ạlmʿlnẗ:** ذكرت dẖkrt وزارة wzạrẗ الاتصالات ạlạtṣạlạt أن ạ̉n التغييرات ạltgẖyyrạt ست st "توفر "twfr مرونة mrwnẗ أكبر" ạ̉kbr" وأن wạ̉n "النهج "ạlnhj القائم ạlqạỷm على ʿly̱ الشكاوى ạlsẖkạwy̱ كان kạn أكثر ạ̉ktẖr ملاءمة mlạʾmẗ كجزء kjzʾ من mn أجندة ạ̉jndẗ تحرير tḥryr الأنظمة ạlạ̉nẓmẗ للحكومة" llḥkwmẗ" [1]. [1]. **ما **mạ تم tm تغييره tgẖyyrh فعليًا:** fʿlyaⁿạ:** القانون ạlqạnwn الذي ạldẖy تم tm إقراره ạ̹qrạrh في fy مارس mạrs 2015: 2015: - - ألغى ạ̉lgẖy̱ متطلبات mtṭlbạt تقارير tqạryr الامتثال ạlạmttẖạl السنوية ạlsnwyẗ - - انتقل ạntql إلى ạ̹ly̱ رصد rṣd الامتثال ạlạmttẖạl القائم ạlqạỷm على ʿly̱ الشكاوى ạlsẖkạwy̱ - - سمح smḥ بمتوسط bmtwsṭ أهداف ạ̉hdạf الترجمة ạltrjmẗ عبر ʿbr قنوات qnwạt الرياضة ạlryạḍẗ التلفزيونية ạltlfzywnyẗ المدفوعة ạlmdfwʿẗ - - قدم qdm إعفاءات ạ̹ʿfạʾạt للقنوات llqnwạt الجديدة ạljdydẗ خلال kẖlạl عامها ʿạmhạ الأول ạlạ̉wl - - حافظ ḥạfẓ على ʿly̱ متطلب mtṭlb الترجمة ạltrjmẗ بنسبة bnsbẗ 100% 100% للقنوات llqnwạt الرئيسية ạlrỷysyẗ [5][9] [5][9]
The Coalition was proposing changes just as this requirement was being fully implemented. **Government's stated rationale:** The Department of Communications stated the changes would "provide greater flexibility" and that "a complaints-based approach was more appropriate as part of the Government's deregulation agenda" [1]. **What was actually changed:** The Act that passed in March 2015: - Removed annual compliance report requirements - Moved to complaints-based compliance monitoring - Allowed captioning targets to be averaged across subscription TV sports channels - Provided exemptions for new channels during their first year - Maintained the core 100% captioning requirement for primary channels [5][9]

تقييم مصداقية المصدر

المصدر ạlmṣdr الأصلي ạlạ̉ṣly هو hw **ABC **ABC News**، News**, المذيع ạlmdẖyʿ الوطني ạlwṭny العام ạlʿạm لأستراليا. lạ̉strạlyạ.
The original source is **ABC News**, Australia's public national broadcaster.
يُعْتَبَرُ yuʿtbr ABC ABC News News عُمُومًا ʿmwmaⁿạ مَوْثُوقًا mwtẖwqaⁿạ وَمَوْثُوقًا wmwtẖwqaⁿạ وفِي wfy التَّيَّارِ ạltyạr الرَّئِيسِيِّ ạlrỷysy.
ABC News is generally considered credible, authoritative, and mainstream.
ومع wmʿ ذلك، dẖlk, تركز trkz عنوان ʿnwạn المقالة ạlmqạlẗ وإطارها wạ̹ṭạrhạ في fy ABC ABC على ʿly̱ مخاوف mkẖạwf المجتمع ạlmjtmʿ الصم ạlṣm بدلاً bdlạaⁿ من mn تقديم tqdym شرح sẖrḥ شامل sẖạml للتغييرات lltgẖyyrạt التشريعية ạltsẖryʿyẗ الفعلية. ạlfʿlyẗ.
However, the ABC article's headline and framing focus on the concerns of the deaf community rather than providing a comprehensive explanation of the actual legislative changes.
تنقل tnql المقالة ạlmqạlẗ بدقة bdqẗ مخاوف mkẖạwf إزالة ạ̹zạlẗ "تقارير "tqạryr الامتثال" ạlạmttẖạl" لكنها lknhạ لا lạ تميز tmyz بوضوح bwḍwḥ بين byn متطلبات mtṭlbạt الترجمة ạltrjmẗ ومتطلبات wmtṭlbạt الإبلاغ، ạlạ̹blạgẖ, مما mmạ قد qd أدى ạ̉dy̱ إلى ạ̹ly̱ سوء swʾ التفسير ạltfsyr في fy الادعاء ạlạdʿạʾ [1]. [1].
The article accurately quotes concerns about removing "compliance reporting" but doesn't clearly distinguish between captioning requirements and reporting requirements, which may have led to the misinterpretation in the claim [1].
⚖️

مقارنة حزب العمال

**أنشأ **ạ̉nsẖạ̉ Labor Labor متطلب mtṭlb الترجمة ạltrjmẗ بنسبة bnsbẗ 100%:** 100%:** تم tm تقديم tqdym متطلب mtṭlb الترجمة ạltrjmẗ بنسبة bnsbẗ 100% 100% بين byn الساعة ạlsạʿẗ 6 6 صباحًا ṣbạḥaⁿạ ومنتصف wmntṣf الليل ạllyl من mn قبل qbl حكومة ḥkwmẗ Gillard Gillard Labor Labor في fy عام ʿạm 2012، 2012, مع mʿ منح mnḥ البثّين ạlbtẖ̃yn حتى ḥty̱ عام ʿạm 2014 2014 للامتثال llạmttẖạl [7][8]. [7][8].
**Labor established the 100% captioning requirement:** The requirement for 100% captioning between 6am and midnight was introduced by the Gillard Labor government in 2012, with broadcasters given until 2014 to comply [7][8].
قبل qbl ذلك، dẖlk, كانت kạnt مستويات mstwyạt الترجمة ạltrjmẗ أقل ạ̉ql بكثير. bktẖyr. **موقف **mwqf Labor Labor على ʿly̱ تغييرات tgẖyyrạt Coalition:** Coalition:** عارض ʿạrḍ Labor، Labor, إلى ạ̹ly̱ جانب jạnb Greens، Greens, أحكام ạ̉ḥkạm الترجمة ạltrjmẗ في fy مشروع msẖrwʿ قانون qạnwn تحرير tḥryr الأنظمة ạlạ̉nẓmẗ خلال kẖlạl مناقشات mnạqsẖạt مجلس mjls الشيوخ. ạlsẖywkẖ.
Before this, captioning levels were significantly lower. **Labor's position on the Coalition changes:** Labor, along with the Greens, opposed the deregulation bill's captioning provisions during Senate debate.
جادل jạdl حزب ḥzb العمل ạlʿml الأسترالي ạlạ̉strạly والمدافعون wạlmdạfʿwn عن ʿn حقوق ḥqwq ذوي dẖwy الإعاقة ạlạ̹ʿạqẗ بأن bạ̉n التغييرات ạltgẖyyrạt ستقلل stqll من mn المساءلة ạlmsạʾlẗ [10]. [10]. **لا **lạ يوجد ywjd نظير nẓyr مباشر mbạsẖr لـ l Labor:** Labor:** لا lạ يوجد ywjd دليل dlyl على ʿly̱ أن ạ̉n Labor Labor حاولت ḥạwlt تحرير tḥryr مشابهًا msẖạbhaⁿạ لامتثال lạmttẖạl الترجمة ạltrjmẗ خلال kẖlạl حكومتهم ḥkwmthm من mn 2007-2013. 2007-2013.
The Australian Labor Party and disability advocates argued the changes would reduce accountability [10]. **No direct Labor equivalent:** There is no evidence that Labor attempted similar deregulation of captioning compliance during their 2007-2013 government.
في fy الواقع، ạlwạqʿ, عززوا ʿzzwạ متطلبات mtṭlbạt الترجمة. ạltrjmẗ.
In fact, they strengthened captioning requirements.
🌐

منظور متوازن

يُسِيءُ yusyʾ الْاِدِّعَاءُ ạlạdʿạʾ تَمْثيلٌ tmtẖyl مَا mạ حَدَثٍ ḥdtẖ.
The claim misrepresents what occurred.
لم lm تحاول tḥạwl Coalition Coalition إلغاء ạ̹lgẖạʾ متطلب mtṭlb الترجمة ạltrjmẗ نفسه nfsh - - حاولوا ḥạwlwạ تغيير tgẖyyr *آلية *ậlyẗ الامتثال* ạlạmttẖạl* من mn الإبلاغ ạlạ̹blạgẖ السنوي ạlsnwy الاستباقي ạlạstbạqy إلى ạ̹ly̱ نظام nẓạm قائم qạỷm على ʿly̱ الشكاوى ạlsẖkạwy̱ التفاعلي. ạltfạʿly. **انتقاد **ạntqạd نهج nhj Coalition:** Coalition:** - - جادل jạdl المدافعون ạlmdạfʿwn عن ʿn حقوق ḥqwq ذوي dẖwy الإعاقة ạlạ̹ʿạqẗ بأن bạ̉n إزالة ạ̹zạlẗ الإبلاغ ạlạ̹blạgẖ السنوي ạlsnwy سيقلل syqll من mn مساءلة msạʾlẗ البثّين ạlbtẖ̃yn [1][2] [1][2] - - مخاوف mkẖạwf من mn أن ạ̉n الجودة ạljwdẗ ستتراجع sttrạjʿ بدون bdwn رصد rṣd منهجي mnhjy - - لاحظ lạḥẓ Deafness Deafness Forum Forum Australia Australia أن ạ̉n "استغرق "ạstgẖrq عقودًا ʿqwdaⁿạ من mn الحكومات ạlḥkwmạt الأسترالية ạlạ̉strạlyẗ لرفع lrfʿ معايير mʿạyyr الترجمة ạltrjmẗ هنا، hnạ, لذا ldẖạ فإن fạ̹n أي ạ̉y تخفيف tkẖfyf لهذه lhdẖh المعايير ạlmʿạyyr سيضعنا syḍʿnạ أبعد ạ̉bʿd مما mmạ كنا knạ عليه" ʿlyh" [1] [1] **نقاط **nqạṭ مضادة:** mḍạdẗ:** - - بقي bqy متطلب mtṭlb الترجمة ạltrjmẗ الجوهري ạljwhry دون dwn تغيير tgẖyyr - - كان kạn لا lạ يزال yzạl على ʿly̱ البثّين ạlbtẖ̃yn قانونيًا qạnwnyaⁿạ تقديم tqdym ترجمة trjmẗ بنسبة bnsbẗ 100% 100% من mn الساعة ạlsạʿẗ 6 6 صباحًا ṣbạḥaⁿạ حتى ḥty̱ منتصف mntṣf الليل ạllyl - - النهج ạlnhj القائم ạlqạỷm على ʿly̱ الشكاوى ạlsẖkạwy̱ يُستخدم yustkẖdm في fy سياقات syạqạt تنظيمية tnẓymyẗ أخرى ạ̉kẖry̱ ويمكن wymkn أن ạ̉n يكون ykwn فعالًا fʿạlaⁿạ - - كانت kạnt أجندة ạ̉jndẗ تحرير tḥryr الأنظمة ạlạ̉nẓmẗ واسعة wạsʿẗ النطاق ạlnṭạq عبر ʿbr قطاعات qṭạʿạt متعددة، mtʿddẗ, وليست wlyst استهدافًا ạsthdạfaⁿạ محددًا mḥddaⁿạ لخدمات lkẖdmạt ذوي dẖwy الإعاقة ạlạ̹ʿạqẗ - - بعد bʿd التنفيذ، ạltnfydẖ, بقي bqy امتثال ạmttẖạl الترجمة ạltrjmẗ مرتفعًا mrtfʿaⁿạ - - تُظهر tuẓhr تقارير tqạryr ACMA ACMA أن ạ̉n البثّين ạlbtẖ̃yn واصلوا wạṣlwạ تلبية tlbyẗ الالتزامات ạlạltzạmạt [11] [11]
The Coalition did not attempt to remove the captioning requirement itself - they attempted to change the *compliance mechanism* from proactive annual reporting to a reactive complaints-based system. **Criticism of the Coalition approach:** - Disability advocates argued removing annual reporting would reduce broadcaster accountability [1][2] - Concerns that quality would decline without systematic monitoring - Deafness Forum Australia noted "it's taken decades for Australian governments to lift the standard of captioning here, so any dilution of these standards will put us even further behind" [1] **Counterpoints:** - The core captioning requirement remained unchanged - broadcasters were still legally required to provide 100% captioning from 6am to midnight - The complaints-based approach is used in other regulatory contexts and can be effective - The deregulation agenda was broad-based across multiple sectors, not specifically targeting disability services - Post-implementation, captioning compliance has remained high - ACMA reports show broadcasters continued meeting obligations [11]

مضلل

4.0

من 10

يُسِيءُ yusyʾ الْاِدِّعَاءُ ạlạdʿạʾ تَمْثيلَ tmtẖyl التَّغْيِيرِ ạltgẖyyr التَّشْرِيعِيِّ ạltsẖryʿy بِشَكْلِ bsẖkl جَوْهَرِي jwhry.
The claim fundamentally misrepresents the legislative change.
لَم lm تُحَاوِلُ tḥạwl Coalition Coalition إلْغَاءَ ạ̹lgẖạʾ مُتَطَلِّبَ mtṭlb التَّرْجَمَةِ ạltrjmẗ مِن mn السَّاعَةِ ạlsạʿẗ 6 6 صَبَاحًا ṣbạḥaⁿạ حَتَّى ḥty̱ مُنْتَصَفِ mntṣf اللَّيْلِ ạllyl.
The Coalition did NOT try to remove the requirement for captions from 6am to midnight.
بَقِيَ bqy هَذَا hdẖạ الْمُتَطَلِّبُ ạlmtṭlb سَلِيمًا slymaⁿạ.
That requirement remained intact.
ما mạ اقترحوه ạqtrḥwh (ونفذوه) (wnfdẖwh) كان kạn إزالة ạ̹zạlẗ متطلب mtṭlb تقرير tqryr الامتثال ạlạmttẖạl السنوي، ạlsnwy, واستبداله wạstbdạlh بنظام bnẓạm قائم qạỷm على ʿly̱ الشكاوى. ạlsẖkạwy̱.
What they proposed (and enacted) was removing the annual compliance reporting requirement, replacing it with a complaints-based system.
بينما bynmạ كان kạn هذا hdẖạ مثيرًا mtẖyraⁿạ للقلق llqlq لدى ldy̱ المدافعين ạlmdạfʿyn عن ʿn حقوق ḥqwq ذوي dẖwy الإعاقة، ạlạ̹ʿạqẗ, فإن fạ̹n خلط kẖlṭ "إزالة "ạ̹zạlẗ تقارير tqạryr الامتثال" ạlạmttẖạl" مع mʿ "إزالة "ạ̹zạlẗ متطلبات mtṭlbạt الترجمة" ạltrjmẗ" هو hw تشويه tsẖwyh حقيقي ḥqyqy كبير kbyr يرسم yrsm صورة ṣwrẗ أكثر ạ̉ktẖr سلبية slbyẗ من mn الواقع. ạlwạqʿ.
While this was concerning to disability advocates, conflating "removing compliance reporting" with "removing captioning requirements" is a significant factual distortion that paints a more negative picture than reality.

📚 المصادر والاستشهادات (11)

  1. 1
    abc.net.au

    abc.net.au

    Australia's deaf community is alarmed the Federal Government is considering a proposal to remove captioning requirements for television broadcasters.

    Abc Net
  2. 2
    PDF

    c02

    Aph Gov • PDF Document
  3. 3
    legislation.gov.au

    legislation.gov.au

    Federal Register of Legislation

  4. 4
    acma.gov.au

    acma.gov.au

    Acma Gov

  5. 5
    classic.austlii.edu.au

    classic.austlii.edu.au

    Classic Austlii Edu

  6. 6
    PDF

    captioning consultation paper

    Infrastructure Gov • PDF Document
  7. 7
    humanrights.gov.au

    humanrights.gov.au

    Humanrights Gov

  8. 8
    attitude.org.au

    attitude.org.au

    ‘Are you girls up for watching something on Netflix tonight?’ ‘Sure, dad, but only if we can have the subtitles on.’ ‘But it’s in English! Who uses subtitles when it’s your own language?’ ‘Who doesn’t??’ So went a recent conversations with my teenage daughters. Imagine my surprise when I discovered a friend in New York had had exactly the same conversation with his teenage daughters! It turns out that there’s a worldwide trend among Gen Z viewers to watch ALL streamed content with closed captions. But why? When I asked my daughters, they told me that they wanted to make sure not to miss anything being said. This notion being as foreign to me as it would be to most people my age, my continued incredulity earned me the in-vogue ‘Okay Boomer’ put down! But the realisation that this is a worldwide phenomenon led me to dig deeper to find out exactly what’s behind it. Closed captioning is a relatively recent development, dating back to the early 1970s, when Julia Child’s The French Chef made history as the first television program accessible to deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers. Fast forward to 2006 when a UK study found that 7.5 million people in the UK (18% of the population) used closed captions. Of that 7.5 million, only 1.5 million were deaf or hard of hearing. Already 14 years ago, viewers were obviously using closed captions for reasons other than hearing loss. Fast forward again to 2019 when the following tweet by @deafgirly was retweeted more than 72,000 times, liked more than 76,000 times and quoted by almost 5000 people: ‘Subtitles aren't just for deaf people. Lots of my hearing friends use them, too. If you're hearing and find yourself using subtitles on Netflix and TV and would quite like them at the cinema, please retweet to help normalise their presence! Big thanks #DeafAwarenessWeek’ So what are the benefits of closed captions? First and foremost, of course, it’s about basic comprehension: it’s often difficult to catch what actors are saying if they’re mumbling in character, if they have an unfamiliar accent or there’s a lot of ambient sound – in an action movie for example. The quality of the sound may also not be great, particularly when viewing on flat-screen TVs or computers. But it’s also about comprehension on a deeper level. In 2015 Oregon State University in partnership with 3Play Media conducted a study across 15 institutions with a total of 2,839 respondents which showed that closed captions assist students in comprehension, retaining information and maintaining focus. It found that more than half of students use captions for comprehension, more than 60% of students with disabilities said captions were ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ helpful to their learning, while almost 65% of students who ‘often’ or ‘always’ have trouble maintaining focus said captions were ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ helpful to their learning. The most common reason, however, students use captions was to help them focus, which benefits the whopping 75% of respondents who reported that they struggle with paying attention in class. It’s no surprise then that 87% of educational institutions add closed captions to at least some video, that 98.6% of students find captions helpful, and 71% of students without hearing difficulties use captions at least some of the time. And then there’s multitasking: members of Gen Z may be using up to five screens at a time: a laptop for homework, a tablet to video chat with a friend, a phone to text or check social media, a smartwatch to track steps, and the TV to watch Netflix. The speed with which this new generation can flip between texts, emails, phone calls, and social media is astounding. The benefits of closed captions don’t start and end with Gen Z either. The 2016 census revealed that 3.5% of Australia’s population – that’s 820,000 people – self-report as speaking English ‘not well’ or ‘not at all’. Closed captions can help this cohort not only to understand what’s being said, but also to improve their proficiency in English. In fact, everyone benefits from closed captioned content: people are watching more and more content in public on their smartphones or tablets and rely on on captions to engage with the content without disturbing others. For the same reason, captions are commonly used on televisions in public spaces such as gyms, doctor’s surgeries and airports. It’s no surprise then that the majority of respondents to a survey conducted by 3Play Media over the last four years anticipate needing ‘more’ or ‘significantly more’ captioning services while almost none see their needs decreasing. And the benefits don’t all flow one way. Googlebots and search engines can’t see video or listen to audio, but they can read captions and transcripts, so adding these features helps video content rank higher in search results. As a result, companies posting video content add closed captions as a means of search engine optimisation (SEO) and boosting traffic to their site. But what of the original target demographic: the estimated 285 million people globally who are vision-impaired, of whom 39 million are blind? The Attitude Foundation commissioned some research to find the answer to this question in the Australian context. How well are the estimated 450,000 Australians who are deaf or hearing-impaired being served? The Australian media landscape was fundamentally transformed by the 2015 entry of subscription video-on-demand (SVoD) services to compete with traditional broadcast TV, broadcaster video-on-demand (BVoD) and ad-supported video-on-demand (AVoD) services. AVoD, BVoD and SVoD have overtaken traditional broadcast media in the popularity over the past five years thanks to their growing affordability, quality of content and, particularly, convenience. This has been facilitated by an enormous increase in the number of Internet-capable screens in Australian households – not only TVs but also computers, smartphones and tablets. Unsurprisingly, Netflix is the most popular service, with 12.5 million subscribers –almost half of the Australian population – followed by Stan with 3.7 million, Disney Plus with 2 million, Amazon Prime with 1.6 million and YouTube Premium with 1.4 million, with with Foxtel Australia’s combined PayTV services garnering 4.8 million subscribers. But, incredibly, none of the 10 or so SVoD services currently available in Australia was launched with an accessibility policy and consequently Australians with disabilities still face significant barriers in accessing VoD. Nonetheless, Netflix is the indisputable leader in the provision of accessible screen media content. Netflix has provided closed captioning on 100% of its programming since 2014, largely as a result of litigation under the Americans with Disabilities Act. From its launch in Australia in 2015, it was possible to watch every available program on Netflix with closed captioning. It’s now even possible to change the appearance of closed captions and subtitles, including adjusting font, text size, shadow and background colour. It’s no wonder that Netflix has been described by one commentator as ‘a deaf person’s utopia’. ABC’s iView, launched in 2008, is the most accessible BVoD provider in Australia: at the time of writing, there were 915 programs available on the platform, of which 620 had closed captioning available. In addition to its wide range of closed-captioned content, iView also clearly signposts content available with closed captions via a dedicated program menu. The Seven Network’s 7Plus was the first commercial BVoD service in Australia to provide closed captioning when it launched in April 2014. It currently provides closed captions for about a third of its catalogue of 13,004 programs. However, the information available for consumers regarding which programs are captioned is woefully inadequate. Unlike ABC iView, 7Plus doesn’t have a filtering option for closed-captioned content. Instead, viewers have to select individual programs to find out about accessibility options. This lack of clear signposting of captioned content shows not only a shameful disregard for the needs of the Deaf and hard-of-hearing communities, but also a blindness to the emerging preferences of Gen Z. From a legislative standpoint, it was only in 2012 that amendments to the Australian Broadcasting Act required Australian broadcasters to caption television programs aired on their primary channel between 6am and midnight – and they were given a generous three years to achieve this. But these regulations don’t extend to the multi-channels offered by free-to-air broadcasters. Programs broadcast on a free-to-air multi-channel require captions only if the program has already been broadcast with captions on the main channel. Even worse, the regulations don’t extend to SVoD or BVoD services, regardless of whether a program has previously been broadcast with captions. It’s clear that with the rapid developments in technology and media formats, legislation is not keeping pace. This leaves commercial broadcasters, in particular, free to avoid the ‘additional expense’ of providing captioned content. The other, related accessibility feature that can greatly enhance the viewing experience of dramas and documentaries for the Deaf and hard-of-hearing communities is audio description (AD), which describes important on-screen visual elements. Australia remains the only English-speaking nation in the OECD that doesn’t offer widespread AD content on broadcast television. It is only in mid-2020 that the ABC and SBS have begun to offer AD following a funding package from the federal government – testimony to the fact that government support is essential to the provision of accessible services. Even so, as of June 2020, both ABC and SBS are now providing only up to 14 hours per week of AD programming, and there is still little to no extension of this to their BVoD services. It goes without saying that Australia’s commercial broadcaster BVoD services have shown no interest in providing such a service. In contrast, AD was made available to customers of Netflix one month after the service launched locally, marking the first time Australian audiences had access to a reliable and consistent AD service. What’s more, the Netflix website makes it relatively straightforward to navigate to a large catalogue of AD programming, which allows further filtering for genre categories. Together with its comprehensive closed captioning and its compatibility with accessibility devices such as screen readers, voice-command software and assisted-listening systems, Netflix’s accessibility vastly outperforms other SVoD, BVoD and AVoD services currently available in Australia. It wouldn’t be hard for Australia to do better, but it will require buy-in from a wide range of stakeholders. Content creators need to be more proactive in producing content that is easily accessible to all. This will only be achieved by considering accessibility from the outset rather than as an afterthought, which makes it technically difficult and prohibitively expensive. Distributors – broadcast TV, SVoD, BVoD, AVoD – need to publicise available accessibility features and make them more prominent, searchable and filterable. Federal government needs to work with all stakeholders to develop forward-looking strategies, then enact legislation that will improve accessibility and provide a clear framework for future media production. Government funding and incentives at both federal and state levels would boost accessibility in both the production and distribution of screen media, as shown in the recent introduction of AD to ABC and SBS. Disability community and advocacy groups, and Australians with disability should be central stakeholders. The inclusion of these stakeholders is essential in creating content, legislation, funding and information to improve access to the screen media content across various platforms. Unfortunately, this is not something that these groups can effect without the support of other key stakeholders. In an ideal world, there should be a regularly updated chart of all screen media services that clearly details the accessibility tools available on each service and the percentage of content available using features that are indispensable to hundreds of thousands of Australians and reflect the strong preferences of the next generation of viewers. This level of transparency would not only immediately benefit people with access needs, it would also provide an impetus to improve the variety and quality of available tools, as well as the amount of content covered by them. The disability communities can agitate about the ‘right’ thing to do, pointing to the UNCRPD, the Australians with Disabilities Act and rulings from the Human Rights Commission. But, as is often the case, the impetus for change is more likely to result from market forces: there would be public outcry from the vast majority of Netflix-bingeing young viewers if programmes were not provided with closed captioning! As commercial broadcasters catch on to this, change will come quickly, not only to AVoD, BVoD and SVoD services, but also to live broadcasting. - Martin Heng, Chair of IDEAS Disability Information; member of VDAC. 1 - https://www.3playmedia.com/accessibility-online-video-stats/ 2 - https://www.3playmedia.com/2019/04/16/online-video-trends-captioning-needs-expected-to-increase/ 3 - adefinty2 (2015) ‘Captioning – A History. The Rebuttal’, https://therebuttal2.com/2015/03/27/captioning-a-history/

    Attitude Org
  9. 9
    PDF

    2016 0006 SUB FINAL Captioning regulatory framework 1

    Freetv Com • PDF Document
  10. 10
    PDF

    d01

    Aph Gov • PDF Document
  11. 11
    mediaaccess.org.au

    mediaaccess.org.au

    Media Access Australia provide services, training and solutions for web and digital accessibility. We consult on digital access projects for businesses, Government and NFPs.

    Mediaaccess Org

منهجية التقييم

1-3: خاطئ

غير صحيح من الناحية الواقعية أو ملفق بشكل ضار.

4-6: جزئي

بعض الحقيقة لكن السياق ناقص أو منحرف.

7-9: صحيح غالباً

مشاكل تقنية أو صياغة طفيفة.

10: دقيق

تم التحقق منه بشكل كامل وعادل سياقياً.

المنهجية: يتم تحديد التقييمات من خلال التحقق المتبادل من السجلات الحكومية الرسمية ومنظمات التحقق المستقلة ووثائق المصدر الأولية.