Bahagyang Totoo

Rating: 5.0/10

Coalition
C0367

Ang Claim

“Nabigo sa pangakong maglagay ng mga safeguard para maiwasan ang pang-aabuso sa kanilang data retention scheme. (Ilegal na inaccess ng pulisya ang data sa loob ng 2 linggo mula nang magsimula ang retention.)”
Orihinal na Pinagmulan: Matthew Davis

Orihinal na Pinagmulan

FACTUAL NA BERIPIKASYON

### Katumpakan ng Timeline
### Timeline Accuracy
Ang claim ay naglalaman ng malaking error sa fakta tungkol sa kailan naganap ang ilegal na pag-access ng pulisya.
The claim contains a significant factual error regarding when illegal police access occurred.
Ang Coalition (Abbott) government ay nagpakilala ng Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill noong 30 Oktubre 2014, na naipasa sa parehong bahay ng Parliament noong 26 Marso 2015 at nakatanggap ng royal assent sa parehong taon [1].
The Coalition (Abbott) government introduced the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill on 30 October 2014, which passed both houses of Parliament on 26 March 2015 and received royal assent later that year [1].
Ang metadata retention scheme ay opisyal na nagsimula noong **13 Oktubre 2015** [2].
The metadata retention scheme officially commenced on **13 October 2015** [2].
Gayunpaman, ang dokumentadong ilegal na pag-access ng Australian Federal Police (AFP) ay naganap noong **Abril 2017** - humigit-kumulang **18 buwan** matapos magsimula ang scheme, hindi "sa loob ng 2 linggo" tulad ng sinabi sa claim [3].
However, the documented illegal police access by the Australian Federal Police (AFP) occurred in **April 2017** - approximately **18 months** after the scheme commenced, not "within 2 weeks" as the claim states [3].
Isang AFP officer ang nag-access sa records ng telepono ng isang journalist nang hindi kumuha ng kinakailangang Journalist Information Warrant habang nag-iimbestiga sa hindi awtorisadong pagbubunyag ng impormasyon [3].
An AFP officer accessed a journalist's phone records without obtaining the required Journalist Information Warrant while investigating an unauthorized disclosure of information [3].
Nakita ng mga imbestigasyon ng Commonwealth Ombudsman na hindi lahat ng kopya ng ilegal na na-access na records ay winasak, salungat sa naunang pahayag ng AFP Commissioner [4].
Commonwealth Ombudsman investigations later found that not all copies of the unlawfully accessed records had been destroyed, contradicting earlier claims by the AFP Commissioner [4].
### Mas Malawak na Pattern ng Paglabag
### Broader Pattern of Violations
Bagama't ang kaso ng journalist noong Abril 2017 ang pinakasikat na insidente, ito ay hindi isolated breach.
While the April 2017 journalist case is the most publicized incident, it was not an isolated breach.
Ang mga compliance inspection ng Commonwealth Ombudsman ay nagbunyag ng sistemang paglabag sa maraming ahensya: - **2017-18:** 1 compliance recommendation sa AFP [5] - **2018-19:** 13 recommendations sa maraming ahensya; nakita ng Ombudsman na **LAHAT ng 10 ahensyang iniimbestigahan ay nag-access ng metadata nang walang tamang awtorisasyon** [5] - **2020-21:** 29 recommendations, na nagpapahiwatig ng lumalalang problema [5] Ang ulat para sa 2018-19 ay partikular na nakakita na ang AFP ay "wala sa lugar ang mga malakas na system controls para maiwasan ang mga aplikasyon na hindi natutugunan ang mga kinakailangang threshold mula sa pag-usad" at umaasa sa manual checks at corporate knowledge sa halip na automated safeguards [5].
Commonwealth Ombudsman compliance inspections revealed systemic violations across multiple agencies: - **2017-18:** 1 compliance recommendation to the AFP [5] - **2018-19:** 13 recommendations across multiple agencies; the Ombudsman found that **ALL 10 agencies investigated had accessed metadata without proper authorization** [5] - **2020-21:** 29 recommendations, indicating escalating problems [5] The 2018-19 report specifically found that the AFP "did not have in place strong system controls for preventing applications that did not meet relevant thresholds from being progressed" and relied on manual checks and corporate knowledge rather than automated safeguards [5].
Ang Victoria Police at AFP ay parehong may "lax systems para magtala ng 'use at disclosure' ng metadata" [5].
Victoria Police and AFP both had "lax systems to record the 'use and disclosure' of metadata" [5].
### Pagsusuri ng Safeguards
### Safeguards Assessment
**Mahalagang Konteksto:** Ang claim ay naglalarawan nito bilang "nasirang pangako" tungkol sa safeguards, ngunit ang safeguards ay aktwal na kasama sa legislation na naipasa noong 2015.
**Important Context:** The claim frames this as a "broken promise" regarding safeguards, but safeguards were actually included in the legislation passed in 2015.
Ang problema ay hindi na ipinangako at sinira, kundi **hindi sapat at hindi epektibong na-implementa** [2].
The problem was not that they were promised and broken, but that they were **insufficient and ineffectively implemented** [2].
Ang Act ay naglaman ng sumusunod na safeguards: 1. **Privacy Principles:** Ang Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) mula sa Privacy Act 1988 ay inilapat sa mga nai-retain na data [1] 2. **Independent Oversight:** Ang Commonwealth Ombudsman ay binigyan ng inspection powers sa agency metadata access [1] 3. **Annual Reporting:** Ang mga ahensya ay kinakailangang mag-ulat ng metadata access taon-taon sa Parliament [2] 4. **Journalist Protections:** Mga partikular na probisyon na nangangailangan ng Journalist Information Warrants bago i-access ang metadata ng journalist [3] 5. **Ministerial Controls:** Mga procedural safeguards na nangangailangan ng ministerial consideration ng public interest [2] Gayunpaman, ang mga safeguards na ito ay napatunayang hindi sapat sa praktika dahil sa mga pagkakamali sa implementasyon kaysa sinadyang paglabag sa patakaran.
The Act included the following safeguards: 1. **Privacy Principles:** Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) from the Privacy Act 1988 applied to retained data [1] 2. **Independent Oversight:** Commonwealth Ombudsman given inspection powers over agency metadata access [1] 3. **Annual Reporting:** Agencies required to report metadata access annually to Parliament [2] 4. **Journalist Protections:** Specific provisions requiring Journalist Information Warrants before accessing journalist's phone/internet metadata [3] 5. **Ministerial Controls:** Procedural safeguards requiring ministerial consideration of public interest [2] However, these safeguards proved inadequate in practice due to implementation failures rather than deliberate policy violations.
Ang mga ugat na sanhi ay kinabibilangan ng pag-asa sa manual oversight, hindi sapat na pagsasanay ng mga opisyal tungkol sa mga kinakailangan sa warrant (na tinukoy bilang "human error" ni AFP Commissioner Andrew Colvin [3]), at kakulangan ng mga malakas na automated system controls [5].
The root causes included reliance on manual oversight, insufficient officer training about warrant requirements (characterized as "human error" by AFP Commissioner Andrew Colvin [3]), and lack of strong automated system controls [5].

Nawawalang Konteksto

### Bipartisan Support ng Labor
### Labor's Bipartisan Support
Ang claim ay nagpapakita nito bilang isang kapalpakan lamang ng Coalition, ngunit malaking pagkukulang na hindi isinaalang-alang na ang data retention scheme ay naipasa na may **bipartisan support** [1].
The claim frames this as purely a Coalition failure, but significantly omits that the data retention scheme was passed with **bipartisan support** [1].
Bagama't si Labor leader Bill Shorten ay unang tumutol sa scheme, matapos ang negosasyon pumayag ang Labor sa pagpasa nito matapos ang karagdagang journalist protections [1].
While Labor leader Bill Shorten initially opposed the scheme, after negotiations Labor agreed to its passage following additional journalist protections being included [1].
Ang panghuling legislation ay naipasa sa parehong bahay na may suporta ng Labor noong Abril 2015 [1].
The final legislation passed both houses with Labor's support in April 2015 [1].
Mahalaga ang kontekstong ito dahil: - Hindi ito isang unilateral na pagpataw ng Coalition - Aktibong nakilahok ang Labor sa negosasyon ng safeguards - Parehong partido ang sumang-ayon na ang safeguards ay sapat sa oras na iyon
This is important context because: - It was not a unilateral Coalition imposition - Labor actively participated in negotiating safeguards - Both parties agreed the safeguards were adequate at the time
### Kalikasan ng Implementation Failure
### Nature of the Implementation Failure
Ang claim ay naglalarawan nito bilang isang sinadyang "nasirang pangako," ngunit ang ebidensya ay nagmumungkahi na ang mga problema ay mga sistemang pagkakamali sa implementasyon at oversight kaysa sinadyang pag-abandona ng patakaran [5].
The claim characterizes this as a deliberate "broken promise," but evidence suggests the problems were systemic implementation and oversight failures rather than intentional policy abandonment [5].
Ang AFP at iba pang ahensya ay tila may hindi sapat na pagsasanay ng tauhan, mahihinang system controls, at mahihinang kasanayan sa pagtala ng records kaysa sinadyang hindi pansinin ang safeguards [5].
The AFP and other agencies appear to have had inadequate staff training, weak system controls, and poor record-keeping practices rather than deliberately ignoring safeguards [5].
### Tugon ng Pamahalaan at Patuloy na Reporma
### Government Response and Ongoing Reforms
Ang claim ay hindi nagbibigay ng konteksto kung paano tumugon ang pamahalaan at mga oversight bodies sa mga paglabag na ito.
The claim provides no context for how the government and oversight bodies responded to these violations.
Kasunod ng mga imbestigasyon ng Ombudsman: - Inamin ng pamahalaan ang mga isyu sa systemic compliance [5] - Ang maraming reform proposals ay napag-usapan, kabilang ang mga mas malakas na system controls at automated safeguards [5] - Noong 2023, nangako ang pamahalaan na maglalabas ng mga reporma sa batas para tugunan ang mga natukoy na compliance gaps [5]
Following the Ombudsman investigations: - The government acknowledged the systemic compliance issues [5] - Multiple reform proposals have been discussed, including stronger system controls and automated safeguards [5] - As of 2023, the government committed to legislative reforms to address identified compliance gaps [5]
### Mas Malawak na Agency Compliance
### Broader Agency Compliance
Bagama't ang claim ay nakatuon sa pang-aabuso ng pulisya, ang 2018-19 na imbestigasyon ng Ombudsman ay nakakita ng mga isyu sa compliance sa **lahat ng 10 ahensyang** sinusubukan, hindi natatangi sa law enforcement [5].
While the claim focuses on police misuse, the 2018-19 Ombudsman investigation found compliance issues across **all 10 agencies** tested, not unique to law enforcement [5].
Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang problema ay sistemiko at teknikal kaysa natatangi sa pang-aabuso ng pulisya o sinadyang paglabag sa patakaran.
This suggests the problem was systemic and technical rather than specific to police abuse or deliberate policy violation.

Pagsusuri ng Kredibilidad ng Pinagmulan

**Mga Orihinal na Sources na Ibinigay:** Ang Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) ay isang pangunahing Australian mainstream media outlet na may malakas na reputasyon para sa katumpakan at investigative journalism.
**Original Sources Provided:** The Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) is a major Australian mainstream media outlet with strong reputation for accuracy and investigative journalism.
Ang Abril 2017 na pag-uulat tungkol sa hindi awtorisadong pag-access ng AFP sa metadata ng journalist ay well-documented at beripikado sa fakta [3].
The April 2017 reporting on the AFP's unauthorized journalist metadata access is well-documented and factually verified [3].
Ang ZDNet ay isang reputable na technology publication na tumpak na nag-ulat tungkol sa pagpapakilala ng data retention scheme [2].
ZDNet is a reputable technology publication that accurately reported on the introduction of the data retention scheme [2].
Ang parehong orihinal na sources ay kredibleng mainstream outlets. **Tala sa Katumpakan ng Source:** Ang mga orihinal na sources ay tumpak na nakilala ang insidente noong Abril 2017.
Both original sources are credible mainstream outlets. **Source Accuracy Note:** The original sources correctly identified the April 2017 incident.
Gayunpaman, ang claim ay tila mischaracterized ang timing (pagmumungkahi ng "sa loob ng 2 linggo" sa halip na ~18 buwan) at ipinakita ito bilang "nasirang pangako" tungkol sa safeguards kaysa isang pagkakamali sa implementasyon ng mga umiiral na safeguards.
However, the claim appears to have mischaracterized the timing (suggesting "within 2 weeks" rather than ~18 months) and framed it as a "broken promise" about safeguards rather than an implementation failure of existing safeguards.
⚖️

Paghahambing sa Labor

**Itinakda ba ng Labor ang data retention?** Nagbago ang posisyon ng Labor sa isyung ito [1]: - **Nakaraang Labor Government (2012):** Ang nakaraang Labor government ay sumuporta sa data retention measures at nag-advocate para sa metadata collection schemes - **Panahon ng Oposisyon (2014-15):** Unang tumutol ang Labor sa data retention bill ni Abbott, na tinawag ni Bill Shorten na "internet tax" - **Huling Posisyon:** Matapos ang negosasyon, pumayag ang Labor sa panghuling legislation matapos ang karagdagang journalist protections, na nagbigay ng bipartisan support para sa pagpasa noong Abril 2015 [1] - **Rasyonale:** Ang pagbabago ng Labor ay hinimok ng mga alalahanin sa national security at pagkilala na ang scheme ay magpapatuloy kahit ano pa man, kaya't nakipag-negosyon sila para sa mas malakas na proteksyon para sa mga journalist at civil liberties [1] **Pangunahing Resulta:** Ang Labor ay hindi "tumutol sa scheme" tulad ng maaaring imungkahi ng mga kritiko ng claim - sila ay sa huli ay sumuporta matapos ang negosasyon.
**Did Labor introduce or support data retention?** Labor's position evolved on this issue [1]: - **Prior Labor Government (2012):** The previous Labor government had supported data retention measures and advocated for metadata collection schemes - **Opposition Period (2014-15):** Labor initially opposed Abbott's data retention bill, with Bill Shorten calling it an "internet tax" - **Final Position:** After negotiations, Labor agreed to the final legislation following additional journalist protections, providing bipartisan support for passage in April 2015 [1] - **Rationale:** Labor's shift was driven by national security concerns and recognition that the scheme would proceed regardless, so they negotiated for stronger protections for journalists and civil liberties [1] **Key Finding:** Labor did not "oppose the scheme" as critics of this claim might suggest - they ultimately supported it after negotiations.
Ibinigay na ito ay hindi tumpak na ipakita ito bilang isang purong responsibilidad ng Coalition nang hindi kinikilala ang bipartisan role ng Labor sa pagpasa ng legislation.
This makes it inaccurate to frame this purely as a Coalition responsibility without acknowledging Labor's bipartisan role in passing the legislation.
🌐

Balanseng Pananaw

### Ang Makatuwirang Problema
### The Legitimate Problem
Ang claim ay nakakilala ng isang lehitimong isyu: ang mga safeguards ng data retention scheme ay napatunayang hindi sapat para maiwasan ang hindi awtorisadong pag-access sa mga records ng telepono ng journalist.
The claim does identify a genuine issue: the data retention scheme's safeguards proved insufficient to prevent unauthorized access to journalist phone records.
Ang insidente noong Abril 2017 ay isang seryosong paglabag sa tiwala, at ang mga natuklasan ng Commonwealth Ombudsman ng mga sistemang paglabag sa maraming ahensya ay kumakatawan sa tunay na pagkakamali sa patakaran na nangangailangan ng pansin [5].
The April 2017 incident was a serious breach of trust, and the Commonwealth Ombudsman's findings of systemic violations across multiple agencies represent genuine policy failure requiring attention [5].
Ang pagkakamali na hindi sapat na protektahan ang journalist metadata ay partikular na nakakabahala dahil ang mga journalist protections ay partikular na nakipag-negosasyon bilang kondisyon para sa suporta ng Labor [1].
The failure to adequately protect journalist metadata is particularly concerning given that journalist protections were specifically negotiated as a condition for Labor's support [1].
Ito ay kumakatawan sa hindi bababa sa bahagyang pagkakamali na panatilihin ang mga proteksyon na ipinangako.
This represents at least a partial failure to maintain the protections that were promised.
### Ang Kompleksidad at Konteksto
### The Complexity and Context
Gayunpaman, ang paglalarawan bilang "nasirang pangako" ay oversimplifies ng isang kumplikadong isyu: 1. **Umiiral ang Safeguards:** Hindi tulad ng ipinapahiwatig ng framing, ang safeguards ay hindi ipinangako at iniwan - sila ay kasama sa legislation [1] 2. **Implementation vs.
However, the characterization as "broken promise" oversimplifies a complex issue: 1. **Safeguards Existed:** Unlike the framing suggests, safeguards were not promised and abandoned - they were included in the legislation [1] 2. **Implementation vs.
Design Failure:** Ang problema ay tila pagkakamali sa implementasyon (mahihinang system controls, hindi sapat na pagsasanay, mahihinang record-keeping) kaysa ang safeguards mismo ay hindi sapat sa disenyo [5] 3. **Bipartisan Responsibility:** Parehong Coalition at Labor ay sumang-ayon na ang Abril 2015 legislation na may safeguards ay angkop matapos ang negosasyon [1] 4. **Sistemang Isyu:** Ang mga paglabag ay naapektuhan ang lahat ng 10 sinusubok na ahensya, hindi natatangi sa pulisya, na nagmumungkahi ng mas malawak na sistemang problema sa oversight at compliance sa buong pamahalaan [5] 5. **Paglalarawan ng AFP:** Ang AFP ay naglalarawan ng pag-access sa metadata ng journalist bilang "human error" kaysa sinadyang pang-aabuso o paglaban sa safeguards [3] 6. **Tugon ng Pamahalaan:** Kasunod ng mga imbestigasyon ng Ombudsman, inamin ng pamahalaan ang mga problema at iminungkahi ang mga reporma [5]
Design Failure:** The problem appears to be implementation failure (weak system controls, inadequate training, poor record-keeping) rather than the safeguards themselves being inadequate in design [5] 3. **Bipartisan Responsibility:** Both Coalition and Labor agreed the April 2015 legislation with safeguards was appropriate after negotiations [1] 4. **Systemic Issue:** The violations affected all 10 tested agencies, not unique to police, suggesting a broader systemic problem with oversight and compliance across government [5] 5. **AFP's Characterization:** The AFP characterized the journalist metadata access as "human error" rather than deliberate abuse or defiance of safeguards [3] 6. **Government Response:** Following Ombudsman investigations, the government has acknowledged problems and proposed reforms [5]
### Komparatibong Pagsusuri
### Comparative Analysis
**Natatangi ba ito sa Coalition?** Ang bipartisan na kalikasan ng legislation ay nangangahulugan na parehong Coalition at Labor ay may pananagutan para sa mga pagkakamali sa oversight.
**Is this unique to the Coalition?** The bipartisan nature of the legislation means both Coalition and Labor bear responsibility for the oversight failures.
Ang suporta ng Labor para sa scheme matapos ang negosasyon ng mga proteksyon ay nangangahulugan na may pananagutan din ang Labor para sa pagtiyak na ang mga proteksyon na iyon ay gumana tulad ng inilaan [1].
Labor's support for the scheme after negotiating protections means Labor also bears responsibility for ensuring those protections worked as intended [1].
Ang mga natuklasan ng Ombudsman ng mga paglabag sa **lahat ng 10 ahensyang** na sinusubukan (hindi lang mga ahensya ng Coalition-era) ay nagmumungkahi na ang mga problema sa compliance ay maaaring nagpatuloy kahit aling partido ang nasa pamahalaan [5].
The Ombudsman's findings of violations across **all 10 agencies** tested (not just Coalition-era agencies) suggest the compliance problems may have persisted regardless of which party was in government [5].

BAHAGYANG TOTOO

5.0

sa 10

Ang claim ay tumpak na nakakilala na ilegal na inaccess ng pulisya ang mga records ng telepono ng journalist sa ilalim ng metadata retention regime at ang safeguards ay napatunayang hindi sapat.
The claim accurately identifies that police illegally accessed journalists' phone records under the metadata retention regime and that safeguards proved insufficient.
Gayunpaman, ito ay misleading sa ilang mga pangunahing puntos: 1. **Error sa Timeline:** Ang ilegal na pag-access ay naganap ~18 buwan matapos magsimula, hindi "sa loob ng 2 linggo" [3] 2. **Paglalarawan bilang Nasirang Pangako:** Ang safeguards ay hindi ipinangako at sinira - sila ay kasama sa legislation at napatunayang hindi sapat ang implementasyon kaysa sinadyang sinira [1], [2] 3. **Nawawalang Bipartisan Konteksto:** Sinuportahan ng Labor ang panghuling legislation matapos ang negosasyon ng safeguards, kaya't ito ay hindi isang purong responsibilidad ng Coalition [1] 4. **Oversimplification:** Ang isyu ay nagmula sa mga sistemang pagkakamali sa implementasyon at mga problema sa oversight sa maraming ahensya, hindi isang sinadyang pag-abandona ng patakaran [5] Ang claim ay nakakilala ng isang tunay na problema (hindi sapat na proteksyon sa journalist metadata at mas malawak na sistemang compliance failures) ngunit mali ang paglalarawan sa kalikasan at timeline nito sa mga paraan na sobrang pinalalaki ang pananagutan ng Coalition habang hindi isinasama ang bipartisan role ng Labor sa paglikha at pagsuporta sa scheme.
However, it is misleading on several key points: 1. **Timeline Error:** The illegal access occurred ~18 months after commencement, not "within 2 weeks" [3] 2. **Broken Promise Characterization:** Safeguards were not promised and abandoned - they were included in legislation and proved inadequately implemented rather than deliberately broken [1], [2] 3. **Missing Bipartisan Context:** Labor supported the final legislation after negotiating safeguards, making this not a purely Coalition responsibility [1] 4. **Oversimplification:** The issue stems from systemic implementation failures and oversight problems across multiple agencies, not a deliberate policy abandonment [5] The claim identifies a genuine problem (inadequate protection of journalist metadata and broader systemic compliance failures) but mischaracterizes its nature and timeline in ways that overstate Coalition culpability while omitting Labor's bipartisan role in creating and supporting the scheme.

📚 MGA PINAGMULAN AT SANGGUNIAN (10)

  1. 1
    legislation.gov.au

    Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015 Legislative History

    Federal Register of Legislation

  2. 2
    zdnet.com

    Australian metadata laws: what you need to know

    Zdnet

    Original link no longer available
  3. 3
    Police illegally obtained journalists' phone records under new metadata retention regime

    Police illegally obtained journalists' phone records under new metadata retention regime

    The breach took place as part of an investigation into a leak of confidential government material.

    The Sydney Morning Herald
  4. 4
    ombudsman.gov.au

    Commonwealth Ombudsman investigation findings on metadata access compliance

    Ombudsman Gov

  5. 5
    Australian police, regulators continue unlawfully accessing metadata

    Australian police, regulators continue unlawfully accessing metadata

    Ombudsman finds.

    iTnews
  6. 6
    Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015 – Parliamentary Debate

    Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015 – Parliamentary Debate

    Helpful information Text of bill First reading: Text of the bill as introduced into the Parliament Third reading: Prepared if the bill is amended by the house in which it was introduced. This version of the bill is then considered by the second house. As passed by

    Aph Gov
  7. 7
    Government acts to finally reform metadata regime

    Government acts to finally reform metadata regime

    A loophole meant more organisations could access your metadata.

    Information Age
  8. 8
    The passage of Australia's data retention regime: national security, human rights, and media scrutiny

    The passage of Australia's data retention regime: national security, human rights, and media scrutiny

    The Internet Policy Review is an open access, fast track and peer-reviewed journal on internet regulation.

    Policyreview
  9. 9
    sbs.com.au

    AFP unlawfully accessed journalist's phone records

    Sbs Com

    Original link no longer available
  10. 10
    aph.gov.au

    Australian Metadata Retention Scheme - Overview and Compliance Issues

    Aph Gov

    Original link no longer available

Pamamaraan ng Rating Scale

1-3: MALI

Hindi tama sa katotohanan o malisyosong gawa-gawa.

4-6: BAHAGYA

May katotohanan ngunit kulang o baluktot ang konteksto.

7-9: HALOS TOTOO

Maliit na teknikal na detalye o isyu sa pagkakasulat.

10: TUMPAK

Perpektong na-verify at patas ayon sa konteksto.

Pamamaraan: Ang mga rating ay tinutukoy sa pamamagitan ng cross-referencing ng opisyal na mga rekord ng pamahalaan, independiyenteng mga organisasyong nag-fact-check, at mga primaryang dokumento.