Bahagyang Totoo

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Mag-ulat ng Isyu
Coalition
C0152

Ang Claim

“Ibinabawi ang mga proteksyon sa konsyumer at mga obligasyon sa responsableng pagpapautang para sa mga mortgage broker na ipinakilala pagkatapos ng global financial crisis.”
Ekonomiya Kaligtasan
Orihinal na Pinagmulan: Matthew Davis
Sinuri: 29 Jan 2026

Orihinal na Pinagmulan

✅ FACTUAL NA BERIPIKASYON

Ang claim ay nangangailangan ng pagsusuri kung "ibinabawi" ng Coalition government ang mga umiiral na proteksyon sa konsyumer at mga obligasyon sa responsableng pagpapautang.
The claim requires evaluation of whether the Coalition government "wound back" existing consumer protections and responsible lending obligations.
 Ito ay isang kumplikadong claim na nangangailangan ng maingat na pagsusuri: Tinanggal ba nila ang mga proteksyong umiiral, o **nabigo silang ipatupad ang mga bago** na inirerekomenda ng mga reporma pagkatapos ng GFC?
This is a complex claim that demands careful parsing: Did they **remove** protections that existed, or **fail to implement new ones** recommended by post-GFC reforms?
 ### Konteksto ng mga Proteksyon sa Konsyumer Bago ang GFC
### Pre-GFC Consumer Protections Context
 Pagkatapos ng Global Financial Crisis, ipinakilala ng Rudd-Gillard Labor government ang **National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009** (na nagsimula noong 2010) [4].
After the Global Financial Crisis, the Rudd-Gillard Labor government introduced the **National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009** (which commenced 2010) [4].
 Itinatag nito ang: - Mga obligasyon sa responsableng pagpapautang para sa mga credit licensee at mortgage broker [5] - Mga kinakailangan sa makatuwirang pagsisiyasat tungkol sa kalagayan ng mangungutang [5] - Pagpapatunay ng kredibilidad [5] - Pagbabawal sa unconscionable conduct [5] Ang mga obligasyong ito ay nanatiling halos buo mula noong 2010 at HINDI inalis ng Coalition government [5].
This established: - Responsible lending obligations for credit licensees and mortgage brokers [5] - Requirements for reasonable inquiries about borrower circumstances [5] - Verification of creditworthiness [5] - Prohibition on unconscionable conduct [5] These obligations have remained largely intact since 2010 and were NOT removed by the Coalition government [5].
 ### Ang Financial Services Royal Commission (2018-2019)
### The Financial Services Royal Commission (2018-2019)
 Nakilala ng Hayne Royal Commission (Final Report Pebrero 2019) ang mga pundamental na conflict of interest sa remuneration ng mortgage broker [6].
The Hayne Royal Commission (Final Report February 2019) identified fundamental conflicts of interest in mortgage broker remuneration [6].
 Pangunahing pagkakatuklas: ang mga broker ay binabayaran ng mga lender (batay sa laki ng utang) habang kinakailangang kumilos para sa mga interes ng mangungutang, na lumilikha ng hindi magkakaugnay na mga insentibo [6].
Key finding: brokers are paid by lenders (based on loan size) while required to act in borrowers' interests, creating misaligned incentives [6].
 Inirerekomenda ni Hayne: - Ang mga mangungutang, hindi ang mga lender, ang dapat magbayad sa mga broker [7] - Ipapatupad ang tungkulin sa pinakamabuting interes para sa mga broker [7] - Unti-unting alisin ang lender-paid trail commissions [7]
Hayne recommended: - Borrowers, not lenders, should pay brokers [7] - Implement best interests duty for brokers [7] - Phase out lender-paid trail commissions [7]
 ### Tugon ng Coalition Government: Ano ang IPINATUPAD
### Coalition Government's Response: What WAS Implemented
 **Best Interests Duty (2020)** [8]: - Naipasa ang Financial Sector Reform (Hayne Royal Commission Response—Protecting Consumers) Act 2020 noong Pebrero 2020 [8] - Nilikha ang statutory best interests duty para sa mga mortgage broker na nagsimula noong Enero 1, 2021 [8] - Naglabas ang ASIC ng Regulatory Guide 273 (Hunyo 2020) na nagbibigay ng gabay sa pagsunod [9] - Ito ay kumakatawan sa BAGONG proteksyon sa konsyumer, hindi ibinabawing proteksyon [8] **Mga Pagbabawal sa Campaign at Volume-Based Commission (2019)** [10]: - Ipinagbawal ang campaign at volume-based commissions sa mortgage broking [10] - Kinailangan ang upfront commissions na ikonekta sa drawn-down amounts [10] - Naipatupad ang dalawang-taong claw-back limit sa commissions (Hulyo 2020) [10] **Responsible Lending Obligations: ASIC Regulatory Update (Disyembre 2019)** [11]: - Nag-update ang ASIC ng Regulatory Guide 209 sa responsible lending conduct para sa mga credit licensee [11] - Pinalinaw at pinalakas ang mga umiiral na obligasyon sa halip na binawasan ang mga ito [11]
**Best Interests Duty (2020)** [8]: - Financial Sector Reform (Hayne Royal Commission Response—Protecting Consumers) Act 2020 passed February 2020 [8] - Created statutory best interests duty for mortgage brokers effective January 1, 2021 [8] - ASIC published Regulatory Guide 273 (June 2020) providing guidance on compliance [9] - This represented NEW consumer protection, not wound-back protection [8] **Campaign and Volume-Based Commission Restrictions (2019)** [10]: - Banned campaign and volume-based commissions on mortgage broking [10] - Required upfront commissions to be linked to drawn-down amounts [10] - Implemented two-year claw-back limit on commissions (July 2020) [10] **Responsible Lending Obligations: ASIC Regulatory Update (December 2019)** [11]: - ASIC updated Regulatory Guide 209 on responsible lending conduct for credit licensees [11] - Clarified and reinforced existing obligations rather than reducing them [11]
 ### Tugon ng Coalition Government: Ano ang HINDI Ipinatupad (Tinanggihan o Ipinagpaliban)
### Coalition Government's Response: What Was NOT Implemented (Rejected or Deferred)
 **Trail Commission Ban** [12]: - Inirerekomenda ni Hayne na unti-unting alisin ang lender-paid trail commissions [12] - **Marso 2019**: Inihayag ni Treasurer Josh Frydenberg na HINDI ipagbabawal ng Coalition ang trail commissions [13] - Ipinagpaliban ang pagsusuri sa 2022 [13] - **Marso 2022**: Inihayag ni Assistant Treasurer Michael Sukkar na hindi magpapatuloy ang gobyerno sa pagsusuri sa 2022; walang karagdagang pagbabago sa mga regulasyon sa remuneration ng broker [12] - Resulta: Patuloy ang lender-paid trail commissions nang walang katapusan, na lumilikha ng patuloy na conflict of interest [12] **Borrower-Pays Model** [14]: - Inirerekomenda ni Hayne na direktang magbayad ang mga mangungutang sa mga broker (mga transparent na bayarin) sa halip na mga nakatagong komisyon mula sa lender [14] - Tinanggihan ng Coalition government ang ito nang buo at pinatuloy ang lender-paid commissions [14]
**Trail Commission Ban** [12]: - Hayne recommended phasing out lender-paid trail commissions [12] - **March 2019**: Treasurer Josh Frydenberg announced the Coalition would NOT ban trail commissions [13] - Deferred review to 2022 [13] - **March 2022**: Assistant Treasurer Michael Sukkar announced the government would NOT proceed with the 2022 review; no further changes to broker remuneration regulations [12] - Result: Lender-paid trail commissions continue indefinitely, creating ongoing conflict of interest [12] **Borrower-Pays Model** [14]: - Hayne recommended borrowers directly pay brokers (transparent fees) rather than hidden lender commissions [14] - Coalition government rejected this entirely and continued allowing lender-paid commissions [14]

Nawawalang Konteksto

Ang claim ay pinaghahalo ang dalawang magkakaibang senaryo: 1. **Ibinabawi** = pag-aalis ng mga proteksyong umiiral na 2. **Nabigong ipatupad** = hindi pagdaragdag ng mga bagong proteksyon na inirerekomenda ng mga reporma pagkatapos ng krisis Ang Coalition government ay HINDI nagtanggal ng mga pangunahing obligasyon sa responsableng pagpapautang na ipinakilala ng Labor noong 2010.
The claim conflates two distinct scenarios: 1. **Wound back** = removing protections that already existed 2. **Failed to implement** = not adding new protections recommended by post-crisis reforms The Coalition government did NOT remove the core responsible lending obligations that Labor introduced in 2010.
 Ang kanilang ginawa ay: - Tinanggap ang ilang rekomendasyon ni Hayne (best interests duty) [8] - Tinanggihan ang iba (trail commission ban, borrower-pays model) [12], [14] - Ipinagpaliban ang istruktural na reporma nang walang takdang panahon [12] Ang claim ay hindi rin binabanggit ang mahahalagang konteksto tungkol sa BAKIT ginawa ang mga desisyong ito: **Pangangatwiran ng Coalition** [15]: - Ang mga pagbabawal sa trail commission ay "maglalagay sa mga mortgage broker sa labas ng negosyo" [15] - Nag-alala sa epekto sa competition sa non-bank lending [15] - Naniniwala na ang best interests duty ay sapat para pamahalaan ang mga conflict [16] **Ibang Posisyon ng Labor** [17]: - Tinanggihan din ang borrower-pays model ngunit nais ang standardized lender-paid flat fees [17] - Nanawagan para sa mga probisyon sa civil penalty para sa paglabag sa best interests duty [17] - Nangako na magkonsulta sa mga karagdagang reporma [17]
What they DID do was: - Accept some Hayne recommendations (best interests duty) [8] - Reject others (trail commission ban, borrower-pays model) [12], [14] - Defer structural reform indefinitely [12] The claim also omits important context about WHY these decisions were made: **Coalition's Stated Reasoning** [15]: - Trail commission bans would "put mortgage brokers out of business" [15] - Concerned about competitive impact on non-bank lending [15] - Believed best interests duty was sufficient to manage conflicts [16] **Labor's Different Position** [17]: - Also rejected borrower-pays model but wanted standardised lender-paid flat fees [17] - Called for civil penalty provisions for best interests duty breach [17] - Committed to consulting on further reforms [17]

Pagsusuri ng Kredibilidad ng Pinagmulan

**The Age** ay isang pangunahing Australian news outlet (Fairfax/Nine Entertainment) na may matatag na pamantayan sa pamamahayag at editorial oversight [1].
**The Age** is a mainstream Australian news outlet (Fairfax/Nine Entertainment) with solid journalistic standards and editorial oversight [1].
 Bagama't ito ay nakikilingan sa center-left, nililinaw nito ang pagitan ng news reporting at opinion [2]. **Betoota Advocate** ay isang satirical na publikasyon na parody ng Australian news at politics [3].
While it does lean center-left, it distinguishes between news reporting and opinion [2]. **Betoota Advocate** is a satirical publication that parodies Australian news and politics [3].
 Ito ay HINDI isang factual na pinagkukunan ng balita at hindi dapat gamitin para sa pagpapatunay ng mga claim—ang pamagat ng artikulo lamang ay nagpapakita na ito ay satire (ang "government to repair Australia's economy by telling banks to do exactly what caused the GFC" ay malinaw na sarcastic na komentaryo, hindi factual na pag-uulat) [3]. **Pagtataya**: Ang The Age ay kredibo para sa mga factual na claim, ngunit ang Betoota ay satire at mapanlinlang kapag inihain bilang isang pinagkukunan.
It is NOT a factual news source and should not be used for verifying claims—the article title alone reveals it is satire ("government to repair Australia's economy by telling banks to do exactly what caused the GFC" is clearly sarcastic commentary, not factual reporting) [3]. **Assessment**: The Age is credible for factual claims, but Betoota is satire and misleading when presented as a source.
 Ang paggamit ng satire bilang pinagkukunan ng ebidensya ay isang red flag sa kredibilidad para sa orihinal na claim compilation.
Using satire as an evidence source is a credibility red flag for the original claim compilation.
⚖️

Paghahambing sa Labor

**Posisyon ng Labor sa Regulasyon ng Mortgage Broker** [17]: Ang alternatibong patakaran ng Labor: - Tinanggihan din ang borrower-pays model bilang hindi praktikal para sa competition [17] - Inihalal ang standardized lender-paid flat fees sa halip na percentage-based commissions [17] - Prayoridad ang best interests duty na may mga probisyon sa civil penalty [17] - Nangako na magkonsulta sa karagdagang pag-align ng regulasyon ng broker sa regulasyon ng financial adviser [17] **Pangunahing Pagkakaiba:** Ang Labor ay HINDI magkakansela ng pagsusuri sa 2022 ng trail commissions [12].
**Labor's Position on Mortgage Broker Regulation** [17]: Labor's alternate policy: - Also rejected borrower-pays model as unworkable for competition [17] - Proposed standardised lender-paid flat fees instead of percentage-based commissions [17] - Prioritized best interests duty with civil penalty provisions [17] - Committed to consulting on further alignment of broker regulation with financial adviser regulation [17] **Key Difference:** Labor would NOT have cancelled the 2022 review of trail commissions [12].
 Sa halip, sila ay magpapatuloy sa konsultasyon sa karagdagang reporma [17].
Instead, they would have proceeded with consultation on further reform [17].
 Gayunpaman, ang alternatibo ng Labor ay HINDI rin nagmungkahi ng komprehensibong pagbabawal sa lender-paid commissions—nagmungkahi sila ng reporma sa KUNG PAANO istruktura at binayaran ang mga komisyong iyon [17]. **Pagkakatuklas:** Parehong partido ang tumanggap na mahirap ang istruktural na reporma.
However, Labor's alternative also did NOT propose a comprehensive ban on lender-paid commissions—they proposed reform of HOW those commissions were structured and paid [17]. **Finding:** Both parties accepted that structural reform was difficult.
 Pinili ng Coalition na hindi maghabol sa karagdagang reporma; ipinahayag ng Labor na gagawin nila, ngunit ang mga detalye ng kung ano talaga ang ipapatupad ng Labor ay nananatiling bahagyang malabo mula sa mga available na pinagkukunan.
The Coalition chose not to pursue further reform; Labor indicated they would, but the details of what Labor would have actually implemented remain partially unclear from available sources.
🌐

Balanseng Pananaw

### Ang Lehitimong Puna
### The Legitimate Criticism
 Nakilala ni Hayne ang isang pundamental na istruktural na problema: ang mga broker na binabayaran ng mga lender habang kinakailangang kumilos para sa mga mangungutang ay lumilikha ng likas na conflict of interest [6].
Hayne identified a fundamental structural problem: brokers paid by lenders while required to act for borrowers creates inherent conflict of interest [6].
 Ang pagtanggi ng Coalition sa trail commission ban at borrower-pays model ay nangahulugang ang conflict na ito ay nanatiling hindi nalutas [12], [14].
The Coalition's rejection of the trail commission ban and borrower-pays model meant this conflict remained unaddressed [12], [14].
 Ang best interests duty (na IPINATUPAD ng Coalition) ay isang mekanismo ng pamamahala, ngunit natuklasan ni Hayne na ang conflict mismo ay kailangang alisin, hindi lamang pamahalaan [6].
The best interests duty (which the Coalition DID implement) is a management mechanism, but Hayne found the conflict itself needed to be eliminated, not just managed [6].
 Tinandaan ng ASIC na ang pagsunod sa responsible lending obligations ay HINDI sapat para matugunan ang best interests duty—ang bagong tungkulin ay nagpapataw ng mas mataas na pamantayan [9].
ASIC noted that complying with responsible lending obligations is NOT sufficient to meet the best interests duty—the new duty imposes a higher standard [9].
 Ang desisyon na kanselahin ang pagsusuri sa 2022 ng trail commissions, na inihayag lamang mga buwan bago ang eleksyon, ay tila isang political choice para maiwasan ang backlash mula sa industriya [12].
The decision to cancel the 2022 review of trail commissions, announced just months before elections, appeared to be a political choice to avoid industry backlash [12].
 ### Ano ang Hindi Nakikita ng Claim
### What the Claim Misses
 **Ang Coalition ay Nagdagdag ng mga Proteksyon, Hindi Nag-alis** [8]: - Ang best interests duty ay HINDI umiiral bago ang 2021; ito ay isang bagong proteksyon [8] - Ito ay teknikal na ang KABaliktaran ng "pagbabawi"—ito ay pagdaragdag ng proteksyon sa konsyumer [8] **Nanatiling Mabisa ang mga Responsible Lending Obligations** [5]: - Ang mga pangunahing obligasyon mula sa 2009 NCCPA ay hindi kailanman tinanggal [5] - Ang update ng ASIC noong 2019 ay pinalakas, hindi binawasan, ang framework [11] **Ang Conflict ay Kilala at Bahagyang Natugunan** [10]: - Ang Coalition ay NAGpatupad ng mga pagbabawal sa campaign/volume-based commission [10] - Direktang binabawasan nito ang mga problema sa istruktura ng komisyon [10] **Ang Ibang Partido ay Nakipagbuno Rin sa Isyung Ito** [17]: - Ang Labor ay tinanggihan din ang borrower-pays model, nag-alala sa mga epekto [17] - May debate ng ekonomista at industriya tungkol sa kung ang trail commissions ban ay mag-aalis ng competition ng broker [15] - Walang malaking partido ang nagmungkahi ng kumpletong pag-aalis ng mga mortgage broker [17]
**The Coalition Added Protections, Not Removed Them** [8]: - Best interests duty did NOT exist pre-2021; this is a new protection [8] - This is technically the OPPOSITE of "winding back"—it's adding consumer protection [8] **Responsible Lending Obligations Remain in Force** [5]: - The core obligations from the 2009 NCCPA have never been removed [5] - ASIC's 2019 update reinforced, not reduced, the framework [11] **The Conflict Was Known and Partially Addressed** [10]: - Coalition DID implement campaign/volume-based commission restrictions [10] - This directly reduces problematic commission structures [10] **Other Parties Also Grappled With This Issue** [17]: - Labor also rejected the borrower-pays model, concerned about impacts [17] - Economist and industry debate exists about whether trail commissions ban would eliminate broker competition [15] - No major party proposed completely eliminating mortgage brokers [17]

BAHAGYANG TOTOO

6.0

sa 10

**Pangangatwiran:** Ang claim ay mali sa datos sa pangunahing pagpahayag nito na "ibinabawi" ng Coalition ang mga proteksyon sa konsyumer [5], [8].
**Justification:** The claim is factually incorrect in its core assertion that the Coalition "wound back" consumer protections [5], [8].
 Ang mga obligasyon sa responsableng pagpapautang na ipinakilala ng Labor noong 2010 ay nanatiling mabisa at hindi tinanggal [5].
The responsible lending obligations introduced by Labor in 2010 remain in force and were not removed [5].
 Ang best interests duty na ipinakilala ng Coalition noong 2021 ay talagang isang BAGONG proteksyon sa konsyumer, hindi isang ibinabawi [8].
The best interests duty introduced by the Coalition in 2021 is actually a NEW consumer protection, not a wound-back one [8].
 Gayunpaman, ang claim ay naglalaman ng isang mahalagang butil ng katotohanan: Ang Coalition government ay TINANGGIHAN o INDEFINITELY IPINAGPALIBAN ang mga istruktural na reporma para tugunan ang conflict of interest sa remuneration ng mortgage broker na nakilala ng Financial Services Royal Commission bilang problema [12], [14].
However, the claim contains an important grain of truth: The Coalition government DID reject or indefinitely defer structural reforms to address the conflict of interest in mortgage broker remuneration that the Financial Services Royal Commission identified as problematic [12], [14].
 Sa pamamagitan ng pagpili na hindi magban ng trail commissions at hindi lumipat sa borrower-pays model, nabigo ang Coalition na ipatupad ang mga repormang pinagtibay ni Hayne na kinakailangan [12], [14]. **Ang mapanlinlang na elemento:** Ang paghahain nito bilang "pagbabawi" ng mga proteksyon ay hindi tumpak.
By choosing not to ban trail commissions and not to move to a borrower-pays model, the Coalition failed to implement reforms that Hayne argued were necessary [12], [14]. **The misleading element:** Presenting this as "winding back" protections is inaccurate.
 Ang mas tumpak na claim ay: "Nabigong ipatupad ang mga istruktural na reporma sa remuneration ng mortgage broker na inirerekomenda ng Hayne Royal Commission, sa halip na umasa sa best interests duty para pamahalaan ang mga likas na conflict of interest." **Ano ang TOTOO:** - Tinanggihan ng Coalition ang trail commission ban [12] - Tinanggihan ng Coalition ang borrower-pays model [14] - Kinansela ng Coalition ang pagsusuri sa 2022 ng trail commissions [12] - Nakilala ni Hayne ang mga ito bilang mga kinakailangang reporma [7], [6] **Ano ang MALI o MAPANLINLANG:** - "Ibinabawi" ang mga umiiral na proteksyon sa konsyumer [5], [8] - Nagmumungkahi ng pag-aalis ng mga proteksyon na talagang nananatiling mabisa [5] - Mapanlinlang sa pag-omisyon na ang Coalition ay NAGDAGDAG ng best interests duty [8]
A more precise claim would be: "Failed to implement the structural reforms to mortgage broker remuneration recommended by the Hayne Royal Commission, instead relying on best interests duty to manage inherent conflicts of interest." **What is TRUE:** - Coalition rejected trail commission ban [12] - Coalition rejected borrower-pays model [14] - Coalition cancelled the 2022 review of trail commissions [12] - Hayne identified these as necessary reforms [7], [6] **What is FALSE or MISLEADING:** - "Wound back" existing consumer protections [5], [8] - Suggests removal of protections that actually remain in place [5] - Misleading by omitting that Coalition ADDED best interests duty [8]

📚 MGA PINAGMULAN AT SANGGUNIAN (13)

  1. 1
    theage.com.au

    The Age - About The Age

    Theage Com

    Original link no longer available
  2. 2
    Wikipedia - The Age editorial standards

    Wikipedia - The Age editorial standards

    Wikipedia
  3. 3
    betootaadvocate.com

    Betoota Advocate - What is Betoota Advocate

    Betootaadvocate

    Original link unavailable — view archived version
  4. 4
    legislation.gov.au

    Parliament of Australia - National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009

    Federal Register of Legislation

  5. 5
    ASIC - Responsible Lending Obligations Overview

    ASIC - Responsible Lending Obligations Overview

    Fair, strong and efficient financial system for all Australians.

    Asic Gov
  6. 6
    PDF

    Financial Services Royal Commission Final Report - Key Findings on Mortgage Brokers

    Royalcommission Gov • PDF Document
  7. 7
    MinterEllison - Financial Services Royal Commission Mortgage Broking Summary

    MinterEllison - Financial Services Royal Commission Mortgage Broking Summary

    Our team provides expert analysis on the Financial Services Royal Commission Final Report's implications for mortgage broking.

    Insight
  8. 8
    ASIC Media Release 20-146 - Protecting Consumers Act 2019 Measures

    ASIC Media Release 20-146 - Protecting Consumers Act 2019 Measures

    Fair, strong and efficient financial system for all Australians.

    Asic Gov
  9. 9
    PDF

    ASIC Regulatory Guide 273 - Mortgage Brokers Best Interests Duty

    Download Asic Gov • PDF Document
  10. 10
    ministers.treasury.gov.au

    Treasury Media Release - Coalition Government Response to Mortgage Broking Review

    Ministers Treasury Gov

  11. 11
    SmartCompany - Coalition Backflip on Trail Commissions and 2022 Review Decision

    SmartCompany - Coalition Backflip on Trail Commissions and 2022 Review Decision

    Mortgage brokers say they are encouraged by a coalition backflip on trail commissions and are urging Labor to follow suit.

    SmartCompany
  12. 12
    The Conversation - Political Conundrum on Mortgage Brokers and Hayne Recommendations

    The Conversation - Political Conundrum on Mortgage Brokers and Hayne Recommendations

    Josh Frydenberg wants to leave mortgage broker commissions unchanged for three years. It’s hard to see why.

    The Conversation
  13. 13
    The Adviser - Labor's Mortgage Broker Policy Alternative

    The Adviser - Labor's Mortgage Broker Policy Alternative

    The ALP announced its policy response to the broker remuneration recommendations from the royal commission, backing away from a consumer-pays model and calling for a lender-paid standardised flat fee.

    Theadviser Com

Pamamaraan ng Rating Scale

1-3: MALI

Hindi tama sa katotohanan o malisyosong gawa-gawa.

4-6: BAHAGYA

May katotohanan ngunit kulang o baluktot ang konteksto.

7-9: HALOS TOTOO

Maliit na teknikal na detalye o isyu sa pagkakasulat.

10: TUMPAK

Perpektong na-verify at patas ayon sa konteksto.

Pamamaraan: Ang mga rating ay tinutukoy sa pamamagitan ng cross-referencing ng opisyal na mga rekord ng pamahalaan, independiyenteng mga organisasyong nag-fact-check, at mga primaryang dokumento.

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