Sebagian Benar

Penilaian: 6.0/10

Coalition
C0185

Klaim

“Membuang-buang 20,8 miliar dolar Australia dengan menginvestasikan 29,5 miliar dolar Australia ke NBN begitu buruk sehingga hasil akhirnya dinilai oleh Parliamentary Budget Office hanya sebesar 8,7 miliar dolar Australia.”
Sumber Asli: Matthew Davis
Dianalisis: 29 Jan 2026

Sumber Asli

VERIFIKASI FAKTA

Angka-angka inti dalam klaim ini **secara substansial akurat** dan langsung diverifikasi oleh sumber-sumber pemerintah resmi. **Investasi Ekuitas Pemerintah:** Koalisi berkomitmen **29,5 miliar dolar Australia** dalam ekuitas untuk NBN sebagai posisi kebijakan resmi untuk pemilihan federal 2013 [1].
The core figures in this claim are **substantially accurate** and directly verified by official government sources. **Government Equity Investment:** The Coalition committed **$29.5 billion** in equity to the NBN as the official policy position for the 2013 federal election [1].
Ini mewakili bagian pemerintah dalam pendirian NBN Co sebagai entitas yang bertanggung jawab membangun jaringan broadband Australia.
This represented the government's share in establishing NBN Co as the entity responsible for building Australia's broadband network.
Meskipun mantan Menteri Komunikasi Malcolm Turnbull kadang merujuk ke angka "25 miliar dolar Australia" untuk tujuan pesan politik, angka kebijakan resmi yang digunakan dalam dokumen anggaran dan catatan parlemen adalah 29,5 miliar dolar Australia [2]. **Penilaian Nilai Wajar:** Parliamentary Budget Office, agensi analisis fiskal independen Australia, secara resmi menilai nilai wajar NBN Co sebesar **8,7 miliar dolar Australia per 30 Juni 2019** [3].
Although former Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull sometimes referred to a "$25 billion" estimate for political messaging purposes, the official policy figure used in budget documents and parliamentary records was $29.5 billion [2]. **Fair Value Assessment:** The Parliamentary Budget Office, Australia's independent fiscal analysis agency, formally assessed NBN Co's fair value at **$8.7 billion as of 30 June 2019** [3].
Penilaian ini dipublikasikan dalam laporan penelitian PBO tentang "Pembiayaan alternatif kebijakan pemerintah," yang menguji bagaimana perlakuan akuntansi pengaturan pembiayaan alternatif mempengaruhi neraca Commonwealth [4].
This valuation was published in the PBO's research report on "Alternative financing of government policies," which examined how accounting treatments of alternative financing arrangements affect Commonwealth balance sheets [4].
Penilaian dilakukan sesuai prinsip akuntansi pemerintah standar dan mewakili penilaian profesional PBO tentang nilai ekonomis aset pada titik waktu tersebut. **Penurunan Nilai 20,8 Miliar Dolar Australia:** Aritmatikanya sederhana: 29,5 miliar dolar Australia (investasi ekuitas awal) dikurangi 8,7 miliar dolar Australia (nilai wajar Juni 2019) sama dengan **20,8 miliar dolar Australia kerugian revaluasi** [5].
The assessment was conducted according to standard government accounting principles and represents the PBO's professional judgment of the asset's economic worth at that specific point in time. **The $20.8 Billion Write-Down:** The arithmetic is straightforward: $29.5 billion (initial equity investment) minus $8.7 billion (June 2019 fair value) equals **$20.8 billion in revaluation loss** [5].
Ini mewakili deteriorasi dalam posisi keuangan bersih Commonwealth yang secara langsung dapat diatribusikan pada investasi NBN selama enam tahun operasi awal.
This represents the deterioration in the Commonwealth's net financial position directly attributable to the NBN investment over the initial six years of operation.
Akurasi angka-angka ini selanjutnya dikonfirmasi oleh outlet media teknologi dan kebijakan arus utama yang secara independen telah memverifikasi penilaian PBO terhadap sumber-sumber resmi [6][7].
The accuracy of these figures is further confirmed by mainstream technology and policy media outlets that have independently verified the PBO's assessment against official sources [6][7].

Konteks yang Hilang

Meskipun klaim inti secara faktual akurat, beberapa faktor kontekstual penting mempengaruhi interpretasinya:
While the core claim is factually accurate, several important contextual factors affect its interpretation:
### Total Eksposur Pemerintah Melebihi Ekuitas
### Total Government Exposure Exceeds Equity
Investasi ekuitas 29,5 miliar dolar Australia bukanlah seluruh ekstensi eksposur keuangan pemerintah.
The $29.5 billion equity investment is not the full extent of government financial exposure.
Pemerintah Commonwealth juga menyediakan **19,5 miliar dolar Australia dalam pinjaman ke NBN Co**, terpisah dari suntikan ekuitas [8].
The Commonwealth Government also provided **$19.5 billion in loans to NBN Co**, separate from the equity injection [8].
Ini berarti total komitmen pemerintah melebihi 49 miliar dolar Australia, meskipun pinjaman pada akhirnya harus dijadwal ulang atau berpotensi dihapus.
This means the total government commitment exceeded $49 billion, though the loans must eventually be refinanced or potentially forgiven.
Klaim hanya fokus pada komponen ekuitas, bukan seluruh eksposur pemerintah.
The claim focuses only on the equity component's valuation loss, not the full government exposure.
### "Membuang-buang" vs. Deteriorasi Aset
### "Waste" vs. Asset Deterioration
20,8 miliar dolar Australia mewakili **kerugian revaluasi akuntansi**, belum tentu uang "terbuang" dalam arti sumber daya yang hancur [9].
The $20.8 billion represents an **accounting revaluation loss**, not necessarily money "wasted" in the sense of destroyed resources [9].
Infrastruktur NBN fisik masih ada dan berfungsi—sekitar 20 juta premises memiliki akses ke jaringan [10].
The physical NBN infrastructure still exists and functions—approximately 20 million premises have access to the network [10].
Deteriorasi dalam penilaian mencerminkan: - **Usang teknologis:** Pendekatan teknologi campuran (Fiber-to-the-Node dikombinasikan dengan nirkabel tetap dan satelit) menjadi usang lebih cepat dari yang diantisipasi, terutama ketika fiber-to-the-premises muncul sebagai standar global [11] - **Biaya operasi melampaui anggaran:** Kompleksitas mengelola beberapa teknologi dan memelihara infrastruktur tembaga warisan terbukti lebih mahal dari yang diproyeksikan secara asli [12] - **Kegagalan asumsi pendapatan:** Tingkat adopsi dan pendapatan harga grosir gagal memenuhi proyeksi, mengurangi pengembalian ekonomis jaringan [13] - **Aset terdampar:** Keputusan pemerintah untuk mengubah pendekatan teknologi setelah konstruksi FTTN awal menciptakan infrastruktur dengan penggunaan alternatif yang terbatas Namun, faktor-faktor ini mewakili inefisiensi substansial dan nilai uang yang buruk yang telah diterima oleh pembayar pajak.
The deterioration in valuation reflects: - **Technological obsolescence:** The mixed-technology approach (Fiber-to-the-Node combined with fixed wireless and satellite) became outdated more quickly than anticipated, particularly as fiber-to-the-premises emerged as the global standard [11] - **Operating cost overruns:** The complexity of managing multiple technologies and maintaining legacy copper infrastructure proved more expensive than originally forecasted [12] - **Revenue assumptions failures:** Take-up rates and wholesale pricing revenues fell short of projections, reducing the network's economic return [13] - **Stranded assets:** The government's decision to change technology approaches after initial FTTN construction created infrastructure with limited alternative use However, these factors do represent substantial inefficiency and poor value for money that taxpayers have received.
### Pembengkakan Biaya dari Janji Asli
### Cost Blowout from Original Promise
Kerangka "membuang-buang 20,8 miliar dolar Australia" dari klaim menjadi lebih dapat dimengerti ketika ditempatkan dalam konteks eskalasi biaya: - **Janji pemilihan 2013:** 29,5 miliar dolar Australia hingga selesai [14] - **Evolusi 2013-2016:** Estimasi meningkat menjadi 41 miliar dolar Australia (2013), kemudian 42 miliar dolar Australia (2014) [15] - **Eskalasi 2016-2018:** NBN Co melaporkan 49-51 miliar dolar Australia diperlukan untuk penyelesaian [16] - **Trajektori biaya aktual:** Proyek berjalan kira-kira **4+ tahun di belakang jadwal** dan berbiaya kira-kira **73% lebih dari janji asli 2013** [17] - **Biaya waktu:** Setiap tahun keterlambatan berarti risiko usang yang lebih besar dan kehilangan manfaat ekonomi dari keterlambatan produktivitas [18]
The claim's framing of "wasted $20.8 billion" becomes more understandable when placed in the context of cost escalation: - **2013 election promise:** $29.5 billion to completion [14] - **2013-2016 evolution:** Estimate increased to $41 billion (2013), then $42 billion (2014) [15] - **2016-2018 escalation:** NBN Co reported $49-51 billion required for completion [16] - **Actual cost trajectory:** The project ran approximately **4+ years behind schedule** and cost approximately **73% more than the original 2013 promise** [17] - **Time cost:** Every year of delay meant greater obsolescence risk and lost economic benefit from delayed productivity gains [18]

Penilaian Kredibilitas Sumber

**Sumber asli yang disediakan dengan klaim:** 1. **Artikel ABC News (September 2020)** [19]: Australian Broadcasting Corporation adalah penyiar berita nasional publik Australia dan secara luas diakui sebagai sumber berita arus utama yang kredibel dengan standar editorial dan proses fact-checking.
**Original sources provided with the claim:** 1. **ABC News article (September 2020)** [19]: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is Australia's national public broadcaster and is widely recognized as a mainstream, credible news source with editorial standards and fact-checking processes.
Artikel ABC membahas peningkatan NBN dan perubahan teknologis pada jaringan, mengkonfirmasi konteks klaim. 2. **Laporan penelitian Parliamentary Budget Office** [20]: PBO adalah agensi parlemen independen yang menyediakan analisis fiskal dan ekonomis yang obyektif untuk membantu Parlemen.
The ABC article discusses NBN upgrades and technological changes to the network, confirming the context of the claim. 2. **Parliamentary Budget Office research report** [20]: The PBO is an independent parliamentary agency that provides objective fiscal and economic analysis to assist Parliament.
Sumber ini adalah tingkat kredibilitas tertinggi—ini mewakili analisis fiskal pemerintah resmi menggunakan kerangka akuntansi standar.
This source is the highest credibility level—it represents official government fiscal analysis using standardized accounting frameworks.
PBO tidak memiliki keselarasan politik dan secara spesifik ditugaskan untuk menyediakan penilaian non-partisan dari keuangan pemerintah. **Penilaian:** Kedua sumber sangat kredibel.
The PBO has no political alignment and is specifically tasked with providing non-partisan assessment of government finances. **Assessment:** Both sources are highly credible.
Klaim itu sendiri berasal dari sumber berpihak Labor mdavis.xyz, tetapi angka-angka yang mendasarinya berasal langsung dari sumber-sumber resmi pemerintah (PBO), membuatnya dapat diverifikasi dan tidak tunduk pada interpretasi partisan fakta.
The claim itself comes from Labor-aligned source mdavis.xyz, but the underlying figures come directly from official government sources (the PBO), making them verifiable and not subject to partisan interpretation of facts.
⚖️

Perbandingan Labor

**Apakah Labor memiliki pengeluaran NBN yang setara?** Rencana National Broadband Network asli Labor (dikembangkan oleh pemerintahan Rudd dan Gillard, 2008-2013) mengusulkan pendekatan teknologis dan finansial yang berbeda: **Rencana Berbasis FTTP Labor:** - Pilihan teknologi: Fiber-to-the-Premises (FTTP) untuk 93% premises [21] - Estimasi biaya: **43 miliar dolar Australia** (kemudian direvisi menjadi kira-kira 37,4 miliar dolar Australia) [22] - Linimasa: Diusulkan sekitar 2008-2009, implementasi akan berlanjut di luar 2013 - Model pendanaan pemerintah: Kepemilikan pemerintah langsung selama periode konstruksi [23] **Mengapa Perbandingan Langsung Sulit:** Ketika Koalisi memenangkan pemilihan 2013, mereka menghentikan rencana NBN Labor dan menggantinya dengan pendekatan teknologi alternatif (FTTN mixed-technology).
**Did Labor have equivalent NBN spending?** Labor's original National Broadband Network plan (developed by the Rudd and Gillard governments, 2008-2013) proposed a different technological and financial approach: **Labor's FTTP-Based Plan:** - Technology choice: Fiber-to-the-Premises (FTTP) for 93% of premises [21] - Estimated cost: **$43 billion** (later revised to approximately $37.4 billion) [22] - Timeline: Proposed around 2008-2009, implementation would have continued beyond 2013 - Government funding model: Direct government ownership during construction period [23] **Why Direct Comparison is Difficult:** When the Coalition won the 2013 election, they terminated Labor's NBN plan and replaced it with an alternative technology approach (FTTN mixed-technology).
Oleh karena itu, rencana Labor tidak pernah diselesaikan, dan tidak ada angka pengeluaran aktual final yang ada untuk perbandingan [24].
Therefore, Labor's plan was never completed, and no final actual expenditure figure exists for comparison [24].
Commonwealth menghabiskan kira-kira 9 miliar dolar Australia untuk infrastruktur NBN selama periode Labor (2009-2013) sebelum Koalisi mengambil alih kantor [25]. **Analisis Komparatif:** Analisis ekonomis industri menyarankan bahwa pendekatan FTTP asli Labor, meskipun perkiraan biaya awal yang lebih tinggi (43 miliar dolar Australia), akan **menghindari 9-20 miliar dolar Australia berikutnya dalam biaya aset terdampar dan transisi teknologi** yang ditimbulkan oleh pendekatan FTTN Koalisi [26].
The Commonwealth did spend approximately $9 billion on NBN infrastructure during the Labor period (2009-2013) before the Coalition took office [25]. **Comparative Analysis:** Industry economic analysis suggests that Labor's original FTTP approach, despite its higher initial cost estimate ($43B), would have **avoided the subsequent $9-20 billion in stranded assets and technology transition costs** that the Coalition's FTTN approach incurred [26].
Dengan kata lain: - Estimasi awal Koalisi: 29,5 miliar dolar Australia - Biaya akhir Koalisi: ~51 miliar dolar Australia (kemungkinan lebih tinggi ketika menyertakan semua kontribusi pemerintah) - Estimasi awal Labor: 43 miliar dolar Australia - Biaya akhir kemungkinan Labor (jika diselesaikan dengan teknologi asli): ~40-45 miliar dolar Australia (analisis industri) Bukti menyarankan pendekatan Labor, meskipun awalnya lebih mahal, akan lebih efisien secara ekonomis secara keseluruhan dengan menghindari transisi teknologi yang mahal [27]. **Pola Lebih Luas:** Tidak ada partai yang memiliki tangan bersih dalam pengelolaan biaya proyek infrastruktur besar.
In other words: - Coalition initial estimate: $29.5B - Coalition actual cost: ~$51B (likely higher when including all government contributions) - Labor initial estimate: $43B - Labor likely final cost (if completed with original technology): ~$40-45B (industry analysis) The evidence suggests Labor's approach, though initially more expensive, would have been more economically efficient overall by avoiding costly technology transitions [27]. **Broader Pattern:** Neither party has clean hands on major infrastructure project cost management.
Proyek infrastruktur pemerintah besar di seluruh pemerintahan Labor dan Koalisi telah mengalami pembengkakan biaya dan penundaan jadwal.
Large government infrastructure projects across both Labor and Coalition governments have experienced cost overruns and schedule delays.
Namun, kasus spesifik NBN melibatkan pembalikan kebijakan yang disengaja yang menciptakan biaya inefisiensi tambahan, yang secara argumen unik untuk pendekatan Koalisi [28].
However, the NBN's specific case involves a deliberate policy reversal that created additional inefficiency costs, which is arguably unique to the Coalition's approach [28].
🌐

Perspektif Seimbang

### Kritikan Adalah Berkeadilan
### The Criticism Is Justified
Implementasi NBN Koalisi secara genuin mewakili nilai uang yang buruk pada berbagai dimensi: 1. **Eskalasi biaya:** Peningkatan 73% dari janji 2013 (29,5 miliar dolar Australia 51 miliar dolar Australia) melebihi varians proyek normal dan mencerminkan kegagalan perencanaan signifikan [29] 2. **Kesalahan penilaian teknologi:** Pilihan FTTN sebagai teknologi utama terbukti semakin bermasalah ketika fiber-to-the-premises menjadi standar global, menciptakan jaringan yang usang di masa depan [30] 3. **Penundaan kecepatan:** Jaringan membutuhkan waktu 4+ tahun lebih lama untuk diselesaikan dari yang dijanjikan, menunda manfaat ekonomis dan berarti keputusan infrastruktur yang dibuat pada 2013 menjadi usang pada 2017-2018 [31] 4. **Masalah aset terdampar:** Keputusan pemerintah kemudian untuk meningkatkan area FTTN ke fiber berarti pembayar pajak pada dasarnya membayar dua kali untuk beberapa infrastruktur [32] 5. **Pembengkakan manfaat ekonomis:** Analisis biaya-manfaat Koalisi terbukti secara signifikan terlalu optimistik (17-20 miliar dolar Australia dalam istilah nilai sekarang menurut penilaian kemudian), menunjukkan proyek tersebut dijual ke Parlemen dengan proyeksi yang membengkak [33]
The Coalition's NBN implementation genuinely represents poor value for money on multiple dimensions: 1. **Cost escalation:** A 73% increase from the 2013 promise ($29.5B → $51B) exceeds normal project variance and reflects significant planning failures [29] 2. **Technology misjudgment:** The choice of FTTN as the primary technology proved increasingly problematic as fiber-to-the-premises became the global standard, creating a future-obsolete network [30] 3. **Speed delays:** The network took 4+ years longer to complete than promised, delaying economic benefits and meaning infrastructure decisions made in 2013 became outdated by 2017-2018 [31] 4. **Stranded asset problem:** The government's later decision to upgrade FTTN areas to fiber meant taxpayers essentially paid twice for some infrastructure [32] 5. **Economic benefit overstatement:** Coalition cost-benefit analyses proved significantly overly optimistic (by $17-20 billion in present value terms according to later assessments), indicating the project was sold to Parliament with inflated projections [33]
### Namun, Konteks Penting Ada
### However, Important Context Exists
1. **Trade-off teknis kompleks:** Penyebaran broadband melibatkan tantangan teknis genuin.
1. **Complex technical tradeoffs:** Broadband deployment involves genuine technical challenges.
Memilih all-fiber (rencana Labor) vs. teknologi campuran (Koalisi) melibatkan profil risiko yang berbeda, bukan sekadar "satu jawaban yang benar" [34] 2. **Perbandingan biaya ke Labor:** Meskipun rencana Labor mungkin sedikit lebih ekonomis jangka panjang, itu akan berbiaya 43 miliar dolar Australia, berarti 51 miliar dolar Australia Koalisi mewakili perbedaan biaya yang signifikan tetapi tidak luar biasa tidak biasa untuk proyek infrastruktur masif [35] 3. **Jaringan ada dan berfungsi:** Meskipun kritik, 20 juta orang Australia memiliki akses ke infrastruktur broadband yang tidak ada sebelumnya, dan jaringan memang menyediakan layanan fungsional (meskipun tidak optimal) [36] 4. **Konteks internasional:** Total pengeluaran NBN Australia (49+ miliar dolar Australia ekuitas dan pinjaman pemerintah) tidak secara unik tinggi dibandingkan dengan investasi broadband negara-negara maju lainnya ketika disesuaikan dengan populasi [37] 5. **Kendala yang diwariskan:** Ketika Koalisi mengambil alih kantor, NBN Labor sudah 30-40% selesai dengan infrastruktur tembaga mahal sudah sebagian dihancurkan, menciptakan kendala pada pembalikan kebijakan yang cepat [38]
Choosing all-fiber (Labor plan) vs. mixed technology (Coalition) involved different risk profiles, not simply "one right answer" [34] 2. **Cost comparison to Labor:** While Labor's original plan might have been slightly more economical long-term, it would have cost $43 billion, meaning the Coalition's $51 billion represents a significant but not astronomically unusual cost difference for a massive infrastructure project [35] 3. **The network exists and functions:** Despite criticisms, 20 million Australians have access to broadband infrastructure that didn't exist before, and the network does provide functional (if not optimal) services [36] 4. **International context:** Australia's total NBN spending ($49+ billion government equity and loans) is not uniquely high compared to other developed nations' broadband investments when adjusted for population [37] 5. **Inherited constraints:** When the Coalition took office, Labor's NBN was 30-40% complete with expensive copper infrastructure already partly dismantled, creating constraints on rapid policy reversal [38]
### Apa yang Diklaim Koalisi pada Saat Itu
### What the Coalition Claimed at the Time
Menteri Komunikasi Koalisi Malcolm Turnbull berpendiri pada 2013 bahwa pendekatan teknologi campuran akan: - Mencapai premises lebih cepat (peluncuran bersamaan FTTN, nirkabel, satelit daripada serat all-fiber secara berurutan) [39] - Berbiaya secara signifikan lebih murah (pesan 25 miliar dolar Australia, kemudian angka resmi 29,5 miliar dolar Australia) [40] - Memenuhi persyaratan kecepatan fungsional untuk sebagian besar pengguna [41] Klaim-klaim ini terbukti secara substansial salah dalam eksekusi, meskipun rasional yang dinyatakan secara internal konsisten dengan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi infrastruktur. **Konteks kunci:** Ini tampaknya menjadi kasus implementasi yang buruk dari pendekatan yang dapat dibela secara prinsip daripada kebijakan yang jelas korup atau disengaja membuang-buang, meskipun hasilnya suboptimal.
Coalition Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull argued in 2013 that the mixed-technology approach would: - Reach premises faster (concurrent rollout of FTTN, wireless, satellite rather than sequential all-fiber) [39] - Cost significantly less ($25 billion messaging, later $29.5B official figure) [40] - Meet functional speed requirements for most users [41] These claims proved substantially wrong in execution, though the stated rationale was internally consistent with infrastructure economics principles. **Key context:** This appears to be a case of poor implementation of a defensible-in-principle approach rather than obviously corrupt or deliberately wasteful policy, though the results were suboptimal.

SEBAGIAN BENAR

6.0

/ 10

Klaim faktual adalah akurat: pemerintah memang menginvestasikan 29,5 miliar dolar Australia dalam ekuitas, PBO memang menilainya sebesar 8,7 miliar dolar Australia per Juni 2019, dan 20,8 miliar dolar Australia mewakili deteriorasi nyata dalam posisi neraca Commonwealth [42].
The factual claim is accurate: the government did invest $29.5 billion in equity, the PBO did value it at $8.7 billion as of June 2019, and the $20.8 billion represents a real deterioration in Commonwealth balance sheet position [42].
Fakta-fakta ini secara langsung dapat diverifikasi dari sumber-sumber resmi pemerintah.
These facts are directly verifiable from official government sources.
Namun, kerangka "membuang-buang" secara berlebihan menyederhanakan situasi. 20,8 miliar dolar Australia adalah kerugian revaluasi yang mencerminkan keputusan pengelolaan aset yang buruk, usang teknologis, dan pembengkakan biaya—tetapi ini bukan uang yang menghilang sepenuhnya.
However, the framing as simply "wasted" oversimplifies the situation.
Infrastruktur jaringan masih ada, melayani 20 juta orang Australia, dan menyediakan layanan broadband fungsional (meskipun suboptimal) [43].
The $20.8 billion is a revaluation loss reflecting poor asset management decisions, technological obsolescence, and cost overruns—but it's not money that disappeared entirely.
Kritik yang lebih tepat dan adil akan menjadi: "Investasi ekuitas NBN 29,5 miliar dolar Australia Koalisi merosot menjadi nilai wajar estimasi 8,7 miliar dolar Australia pada 2019 (kerugian 20,8 miliar dolar Australia) karena kesalahan penilaian teknologi, pembengkakan biaya (51 miliar dolar Australia final vs. 29,5 miliar dolar Australia yang dijanjikan), penundaan jadwal (4+ tahun terlambat), dan asumsi manfaat ekonomis yang membengkak dalam analisis biaya-manfaat asli." Karakterisasi ini lebih akurat dan lebih menangkap baik kegagalan genuin proyek DAN konteks legitim yang harus menyertai kritikan.
The network infrastructure exists, serves 20 million Australians, and provides functional (if suboptimal) broadband services [43].

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Metodologi Skala Penilaian

1-3: SALAH

Secara faktual salah atau fabrikasi jahat.

4-6: SEBAGIAN

Ada kebenaran tetapi konteks hilang atau menyimpang.

7-9: SEBAGIAN BESAR BENAR

Masalah teknis kecil atau masalah redaksi.

10: AKURAT

Terverifikasi sempurna dan adil secara kontekstual.

Metodologi: Penilaian ditentukan melalui referensi silang catatan pemerintah resmi, organisasi pemeriksa fakta independen, dan dokumen sumber primer.